The Policy-Making Process - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1302 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Uncategorized Essay Did you like this example? The Policy-Making Process Policies are ubiquitous. They practically exist in everything, in everywhere. Needless to say, policies are set of rules, protocols or principles that serve as guide towards an optimistic outcome. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Policy-Making Process" essay for you Create order Policies may marginally differ in description, specifics and goals depending on the context one may want to put it in but they always hold a common denominator à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to achieve the desired favorable result. Policies are always in place because it is one of the major reasons that keep an organization strong and intact. Imagine an organization without guide, rules or direction. Imagine the devastations of having improper policies to no policy at all. Thinking of the hardships that may arise is already mind-boggling let alone having to face it in an actual setting. Policy-making is clearly not just a walk in the park. There are tons of factors that must be considered in order to come up with a sensible and effective policy. That said, policy-making should be critically done in a step-by-step, detail by detail procedure. Below are the key stages in policy-making process and every stage is packed with essential points to ponder: I. Problem Identification and Agenda Setting The first stage of policy-making process is the identification of the problem. It is very important that the problem be defined clearly. Apparently, unclear problem equates to unclear solution, worse is wasting time addressing a problem that is vague and blurry. There are different techniques out there that involve critical thinking and analyses to clearly define what the problem is so that appropriate solution could be formulated and applied. Listed below are some of the techniques: Observation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this is probably the most basic technique in identifying the problem. Through keen and factual observation, the management or the administrator would be able to anticipate and identify an arising problem. One basic example is in a school or classroom setting, a school head officer notices that a significant number of students consistently come in late to class which affects their learning scope as well as the instructors teaching plan. The school head officer may define or implement a policy with the goal of minimizing and even eliminating tardiness instances. Root Cause Analysis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this technique is basically asking 5 Whyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in order to dig deep into the problem until the root cause is finally determined. According to Six Sigma, asking the 5 Whyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s is the simplest tool in analyzing a problem. It is most useful to problems that involve human factors and interactions as well as day-to-day business life. [1] Cause Effect Analysis or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fishboneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Diagram à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this technique is majorly designed to identify the causes of a problem. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s alternately called fishbone diagram because of the use of fishbone-like diagram to present cause and effect. The analysis involves brainstorming sessions so as to extract all possible causes of a problem and rate them according to importance. After clearly defining the problem and gathering the essential information through the techniques listed above, the next on the list is to set the agenda. This is the point where the defined problem is recognized and hyped so as to get the policy makersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ attention and get it addressed. II. Policy Formation Policy formation is where the negotiation takes place among parties in order to satisfy various interests and eventually build a solid support. Policy formation may vary according to the nature of policy and the organizational structure in which it is made but often includes:[2] assembling information developing arguments developing alternatives persuading others In a health care context, policy formation is said to be influenced by a framework called the health policy triangle which was proposed by Walt and Gibson. The triangle presents a complex inter-relationship among context, actors and process.[3] Source: https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk Where, Actors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" these are the individuals within the organization whose actions affect the policy. Context à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" these are factors that may affect the policy: situational, structural, cultural and international.[4] Content à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the scope of the policy. Process à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the policy-making itself. Generally speaking, policy formation is the stage of policy-making process that involves consideration of the different factors and proposals in order to come up or form a clear cut policy. It is important to bring these factors into the scene so as to address any underlying opportunities that could hinder the implementation of the policy. The framework shown above may or may not apply to the actual setting but it sure informs us that the inter-relationship among the individuals or groups that affects the policy is a key point to take note of. III. Policy Adoption Policy adoption is the stage where the management adopts the policy and put it into recognition and effect. At this stage, the adopted policy may still be subject to revisions or reconstruction based on the inputs or influences of the various interests of involved individuals or groups. IV. Policy implementation Policy implementation is where the action and execution of the plan occur. Lineberry, American Public Policy, described policy implementation as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Policy making is the stage of policy-making between the establishment of a policy and the consequences of the policy for the people whom it affects. Also, implementation involves translating the goals and objectives of a policy into an operating, ongoing progr am.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (via macrothink.org)[5] The implementation stage also includes analysis of the possible scenarios that may arise be it best or worst. During this stage, a systematic approach is recommended from the implementation itself through identifying possible scenarios or issues and finally formulating action plans to address them. V. Policy evaluation Evaluation is the last step of the process. In this stage, several questions may be asked to measure or assess the crafted policy. A published study course of the California State University cited some questions which may be used in assessing or evaluating a policy: Was the problem correctly identified? Were all important aspects covered? Were recommendations properly implemented? Is the policy meeting the desired effect? Should there be any need for changes, revisions or redesigning, what should be done differently? According to the study course, if the desired effect of the policy was not met it is either of the two failures known as theory failure and program or implementation failure. [6] Where, Theory failure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this failure occurs when the policy was implemented however did not meet the desired effect or result. Yes, the policy was implemented as intended however it did not hit the specific target. This often occurs when the theory formulated to solve the problem is wrong or is not entirely applicable which may be a cause of not considering all factors that may affect the policy during the formation stage. Implementation failure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this failure occurs when the policy was not successfully implemented or executed. Lack of communication may be one of the causes which results to non-compliance of some of the participants that are expected to comply. [1] Asking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Why?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  may (n.d.). Retrieved January 31, 2014, from Six Sigma, Six Sigma Tools Templates website, https://www.isixsigma.com/tools-templates/cause-effect/determine-root-cause-5-whys/ [2] Steinbach, Rebecca. (n.d.) Principal Approaches to Policy Formation. HealthKnowledge (Education, CPD and Revalidation from PHAST), https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy-economics/4c-equality-equity- policy/principle-approaches-policy-formation [3] Steinbach, Rebecca. (n.d.) Principal Approaches to Policy Formation. HealthKnowledge (Education, CPD and Revalidation from PHAST), https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy-economics/4c-equality-equity- policy/principle-approaches-policy-formation [4] Steinbach, Rebecca. (n.d.) Principal Approaches to Policy Formation. HealthKnowledge (Education, CPD and Revalidation from PHAST), https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/pub lic-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy-economics/4c-equality-equity- policy/principle-approaches-policy-formation [5] Noruzi, Mohammad Reza Irani, Farhad Nezhad Haj. (2011). Policy Affairs and Policy Implementation Issues; How Policy Implementation Can Be Effective?. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, (1)1, 3-4. Doi: 10.5296/jpag.v1i1.718 [6] Implementation, Monitoring Evaluation (n.d.). Retrieved February 01, 2014 from California State University Long Beach website, https://www.csulb.edu/~msaintg/ppa670/psch9.htm#POLICY EVALUATION

Sample Resume Operational Excellence - 4744 Words

August 11, 2015 Arizona State University Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering IEE 552 Strategic Technologic Planning Literature Review on Operational Excellence James Sheahan, Devon Hall Joseph Begala Operational Excellence Abstract Organizations need to become more competitive through operational excellence in a constantly changing dynamic market. This paper addresses reviews several scholarly research and literature review papers in order to explore concepts related to operational excellence as applied to all areas of a business. When broken down, operational excellence can be roughly categorized into five pillars: strategic clarity, organizational culture, business structure, effective planning, and superior alignment. Operational Excellence Fishbone Diagram Image Subject Overview Operational excellence has developed over the past century to become a dynamic and competitive method to optimize and excel in the global market. It is no longer a centralized business success model but has come to represent an umbrella of concepts and methods designed to achieve an economic ideal for quality and execution, both internal and external. To quote Hedley Lamarr, it is how well that a company is able to, â€Å"go do, that voodoo, that [they] do, so well (Brooks 1974).† One significant challenge is attempting to address operational excellence as a single concept. Because it encompasses such a rich and evolved panoply of sub-topics, finding a limited set ofShow MoreRelatedTask 1 Healthcare Ecosystems1304 Words   |  4 Pageshad to be evacuated after multiple electrical outages and mechanical systems failed, among them was the NYU Langone Medical Center.2 Six Months after Hurricane Sandy, health care facilities and hospitals were still struggling to go back to full operational status. The affected hospitals extend beyond the NYU Langone Medical Center, which shut down almost in its totality after storm damages. 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Disease Due To Lack Of Exercise Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Disease Due To Lack Of Exercise. Answer: The example of a disease that has recently affected the human in this era is obesity. On the surface of the main cause, the disease is the consumption of calories and less burning of energy as recently most of the people are lacking physical activity. Thus energy imbalances cause more of body mass and lead to obesity (van Rossum, 2017). The energy imbalance occurs when the energy input is not equal to the output energy. Thus recently most of the developed countries due to lack of exercise and more consumption of unhealthy and high-calorie food cause increase in fat tissue and obesity. A wide spectrum of fatal diseases like type 2 diabetes, hormonal imbalance, and even cancer are linked to obesity and increased body mass index. The symptoms The symptoms include the increased weight. The loss of body fat gets difficult. Obesity links directly to increase in a level of HDL and cholesterol in the blood that often leads to stroke. The other symptoms include depression, diabetes, liver disease, osteoarthritis. The person often faces breathing disorders, sleep apnea, obstructive disease. The people also face high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, joint pain and other medical complications related to psychosocial problems (Khalife et al, 2014). The major biological reasons for the outcome It is already stated that obesity is the common disorder in industrial and developed societies. There are biological conditions that result in the combination of obesity. The biological factors are stimulated with environmental factors that likely cause the increase in weight. The biological factors are related to genetics, biochemistry, neuroanatomy. The impact is the early life growth of adipose tissue and the endocrine interactions followed with appetite regulation (Ochne et al, 2015). Genetics is the main reason behind the strong effect of obesity. It is already found that the obese parents have more likely obese offspring. The genes work when the environmental factors stimulate. The non-industrialized societies often become obese due to the eating of typical western diet. The hyper palatable junk foods cause change in the metabolic profile and often increases lipogenesis and increase body fat. Mostly the processed foods today have the massive effects on the cause of diabetes (Ca mpbell, 2015). Insulin is another contributing factor towards the increased cause of diabetes alongside obesity. Insulin resistance especially causes increased body weight and obesity which is difficult to control. Leptin hormone produced by the adipose cells that send signal to hypothalamus is crucial for developing obesity. The increased glucose level found even in adolescents is probably linked due to obesity. Impacts on human and society Apart from tobacco, obesity is also producing great harm in U.S. The impacts of health are also deep and vast for obesity. The psychosocial affects are more depression, low self- esteem, less employment. The health risks and mortality have also increased with obesity. In economic costs, obesity is a global crisis (Puhl, Luedicke Grilo, 2014). The process to do for the betterment of living It is also known that obesity is highly preventable. Thus for increasing the betterment of lives the resistance for obesity is the must. This could include the prevention policies and programs that need to be implemented such that it would make people aware of leading obesity and ways to modify the lives (Lumeng et al, 2015). They would help in the comparative risk assessment and make people understand the usefulness of physical activity every day. Since obesity is the lifestyle based epidemic disease. It would also identify the metabolic risk factors associated with it. Thus would increase the quality of life by managing everyday conditions that lead to obesity. There would be instrumental variables approach that can be used to make people more aware. Recently researchers have also identified the certain reason behind the cause of obesity and ways to manage the effects through different interventions. References Campbell, M. K. (2015). Biological, environmental, and social influences on childhood obesity.Pediatric research,79(1-2), 205-211. Khalife, N., Kantomaa, M., Glover, V., Tammelin, T., Laitinen, J., Ebeling, H., ... Rodriguez, A. (2014). Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms are risk factors for obesity and physical inactivity in adolescence.Journal of the American academy of child adolescent psychiatry,53(4), 425-436. Lumeng, J. C., Taveras, E. M., Birch, L., Yanovski, S. Z. (2015). Prevention of obesity in infancy and early childhood: a National Institutes of Health workshop.JAMA pediatrics,169(5), 484-490. Ochner, C. N., Tsai, A. G., Kushner, R. F., Wadden, T. A. (2015). Treating obesity seriously: when recommendations for lifestyle change confront biological adaptations.The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology,3(4), 232-234. Puhl, R. M., Luedicke, J., Grilo, C. M. (2014). Obesity bias in training: attitudes, beliefs, and observations among advanced trainees in professional health disciplines.Obesity,22(4), 1008-1015. van Rossum, E. F. (2017). Obesity and cortisol: New perspectives on an old theme.Obesity,25(3), 500-501.

The Memory Keepers Daughter free essay sample

Memory Keeper’s Daughter written by Kim Edward, the main character, David Henry, made a decision that has impacted not only his life but the rest of his family also. David was a very confusing character. Henry’s character played an important role because the decision of giving his daughter up changed his whole life and broke his family apart. When his wife went into labor he delivered the twin babies, Paul and Phoebe. When Phoebe entered the world he noticed she has defects in her face and hands that lead him to diagnose her with autism. He decided to give up his daughter, because he was afraid of what society would think and was afraid that an abnormal child would destroy his current family; just like his sister did during his childhood. Due to the result of giving up his daughter, one very major secret has stood in the middle of their family. We will write a custom essay sample on The Memory Keepers Daughter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Deception, secrets, and regrets have shaped the family and caused major problems throughout their life. Almost everybody has done something that they have regretted later on in life. When Phoebe was first born, David makes a rational decision that he eventually regrets later in his life. Henry felt that having a child who suffered from Down’s Syndrome would ruin his family, because he witnessed it once with his sister during his childhood. He felt that by giving up his daughter, he was protecting his family. Later throughout life David realizes that he gave up his little girl for no reason at all. â€Å"To the other children in this preschool Phoebe was simply herself, a friend who liked the color blue and Popsicles and twirling in circles; here, her differences went unnoticed. † (Edward, 159) Even though Phoebe had Down’s Syndrome she was capable of doing everything any other girl her age could do too. In the novel Edwards writes â€Å" anything can happen, anytime. But what goes wrong is not your fault. You can’t spend the rest of your life tiptoeing around to try and avert disaster. It won’t work. You’ll just end up missing the life you have. †(Edward, 76) This quote fits perfectly with the theme of regret because it describes what will happen if you try to make everything in your life perfect with no flaws; it just won’t happen and you will regrets some things you did and didnt do. Another major theme in the book was deception. The whole novel is solely  based around one major lie that affects the whole Henry family. When Phoebe is born and David realizes that she has autism, he gives Phoebe to Caroline the nurse, and then David tells Norah that she had twins but the little girl died at birth. Once David told that lie, there was no going back. He lived his whole live lying to his family, regretting his mistake, and being trapped in his own secret. Either things grow and change or they die. †(Edward, 376) That quote relates to David’s downfall comes at the end of the book when he finally couldn’t handle keeping that major secret any longer. David never got the courage to tell Norah what he did when Phoebe was born. He never grew the courage or changed his lying ways. He has an aneurysm and ends up dying from holding everything in for such a long period of time. The last part of the theme were all the secrets. Secrets are powerful things that could break a relationship. In the novel there are many secrets, small and big, that affect the storyline. Obviously, the biggest one is David’s secret about giving away Phoebe but there are also other ones that occur throughout the story. David and Phoebe are having affairs with other people which is another secret that affects the whole storyline of the novel. â€Å"Together, without speaking, they walked to the little cottage. She left her clothes on the sand; she did not care about that either, that anyone might see them. † (Edward, 186). That quote shows how Norah started having an affair with a guy while on vacation with her family. Paul also keeps secrets from his father because sometimes David doesnt approve of his choices. Not only do all these secrets cause drama, they also begin to slowly break up the family. Secrets, deception, and regret begin to wear away the family slowly as the novel progresses. In the end of the novel Norah finally gets to meet her long lost daughter and Paul also gets to meet his twin sister who he has never known. Kim Edwards really displays the heartache of a family who was corrupt from the very beginning. David’s demise leads to joy and happiness in the end for Norah, Phoebe, and Paul. Even though deception, secrets, and regrets were a big part of the Henry’s family, they also had moments of joy, love, and happiness.