Friedrich Nietzsche Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Friedrich Nietzsche Philosophy Essay Friedrich Willhelm Nietzsche, a German Philosopher of the mid 1800`s was Born 1844 and died after a long medical condition that was thoroughly investigated but with no found result in 1900. Nietzsche is most renowned for challenging the moral integrity of Christianity in the late 1800’s despite having grown up with a background and family history of Lutheran ministers; where his Father, Uncles and Grandfathers were all Ministers. This philosopher was the most outspoken on topics such as power, pain, culture and moral acts, and from that has influenced some of the most commonly known philosophers we know of today; such as Sigmund Freud. Nietzsche viewed evil or immoral acts as â€Å"self-consciousness, free will and either/or bipolar thinking† (Curry, B. (2008). The Perspectives of Nietzsche. Retrieved from http://www.pitt.edu/-wbcurry/nietzsche.html). Nietzsche believed that Evil is within and dependant upon the determinants that affect ones moral perception. Nietzsche view on evil came from a very passionate outlook on his world, on culture and of rights and freedoms. Nietzsche put it quite plainly when he said†¦ â€Å"Some moralities are more suitable for subordinate roles; some are more appropriate for dominating and leading social roles. What counts as a preferable and legitimate action depends upon the kind of person one is. The deciding factor is whether one is weaker, sicker and on the decline, or whether one is healthier, more powerful and overflowing with life† (Brandhorst, M. (2010). Naturalism and the Genealogy of Moral Institutions: Journal of Nietzsche Studies. Issue 40, p 5-28, 16p). Nietzsche particularly critiqued Christian and Kantian morality, related to these 2 moral components of which express cultural out casting of freedom of speech and natural free will. i. Presupposes three particular descriptive claims about the nature of human agents; pertaining (connecting) to free will, the transparency of the self, and the essential similarity of all people (â€Å"the Descriptive Component†); and/or ii. Embraces norms that harm the â€Å"highest men† while benefitting the â€Å"lowest† (â€Å"the Normative Component†) In this Nietzsche is explaining that (1†²) Hold agents responsible for their actions (2†²) Evaluate and â€Å"rank† the motives for which agents act (Brandhorst, M. (2010). Naturalism and the Genealogy of Moral Institutions: Journal of Nietzsche Studies. Issue 40, p 5-28, 16p). These views help support and defend Nietzsche’s logics on moral and psychological action: these precise opinions and views influenced one of the most famous Psychologists, Sigmund Freud. In Nietzsche’s first historical writings during the early 1870’s he was merely a student studying and exploring philosophical logic and legislations of his time. With an opinionated and different perspective of immoral acts than the culture surrounding him he took initiative in making his own decisions of what was right and what was wrong. In his first published writings The Birth of Tragedy (1872) it showed his advocating view for cultural adversity; though it was deeply put down by other scholars renowned for sharing Christian based opinions of that era, Nietzsche continued to express his abrasive view against unethical stringent laws (Robertson, S. (2009). Nietzsches Ethical Revaluation: Journal of Nietzsche Studies; Issue 37, pp 66-90). This philosopher indulged himself in cultural adversity, interacting with music, nature, sciences and exploration of other cultures and religions. Nietzsche counter acted with the book Human, All-Too-Human (1878) (Robertson, S. (2009). Nietzsches Ethical Revaluation: Journal of Nietzsche Studies; Issue 37, pp 66-90) that gave him a name and furthered his career, this book touched on health and the idea of hedonistic ideas in regards to pleasure and pain relevance amongst cultural and physiological phenomena. Nietzsche is a naturalist expanding on views related to animals, earth, air, wind, fire, body touching on illogical ideas of, especially, the Christian based religion. Nietzsche was very passionate and outspoken towards Christianity however that was not his only passionate topic. The power behind Germany in the late 1860’s due to wars prior and present were a huge influence for him as the shift of legislations due to new authority was erratically changing Germany, most notably, Politically, Economically and Culturally (Osborn, R. E. (2010). Nihilisms Conscience: On Nietzsches Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism. Modern age; Vol. 52 Issue 4, p 293-308). Therefore the idea that Germany could be altered so quickly not only enraged Friedrich Nietzsche but empowered him in his righteousness as an open minded scholar and as the next generation of Germany. This shift in Germany’s political system greatly affected Nietzsche’s era, and as a passionate advocate for freedom in culture Nietzsche felt compelled to speak out against the evil of which was the becoming of Germany. In conclusion Nietzsche’ views on evil were that to have bad moral or to act in an evil way, it is an act of conscious natural behavior. He believed that Evil is within and dependant upon the determinants that affect ones moral perception. Friedrich Nietzsche was in his prime during the change of an era in Germany’s political, societal and religious systems and was compelled to stand for what he believed in. It is extremely interesting that during the early 1870’s the new King Otto von Bismarck introduced healthcare, social security and a rise in socialism to promote the economic deficit and reduce potential hierarchy, however advocated anti-socialist laws (Palante, G. (2009, June 1st). Historical Philosophical Forum. Vol. 40 Issue 2 p265-273, 8p). The anti socialist laws were created to shift the power of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) which stood for Civil and Political rights in an open society. Bismarck also reduced the affiliations and influence of the political system on Catholics; making Catholicism a growing religion that was before the early 1870’s mostly Christian based. This seems to have been a huge influence on Nietzsche as his first book, The Birth of Tragedy (1872) was based upon open society and cultural adversity. This history of Germany is so significant due to the shift in power of the church, beginning at the attempt to stop the SDP after they had just begun in 1875 in the German Parliament as a Christian based society; immediately shifting the change from Christian to Catholicism (Palante, G. (2009, June 1st). Historical Philosophical Forum. Vol. 40 Issue 2 p265-273, 8p) this provoked outrage as this meant less freedom of choice for citizens. Although Friedrich Nietzsche far from advocated Christianity, the shift of religion affected him as this meant a cultural change amongst his peers. It greatly fuelled further writings based upon honest questions surrounding concepts that drain life’s energies. These strong views are now known as ‘Nietzschean affirmation’ expanding on Nietzsche profound writing based around existentialism; Friedrich Nietzsche along with Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) were the two philosophers renowned for doing so in the late 1800’s (Palante, G. (2009, June 1st). Historical Philosophical Forum. Vol. 40 Issue 2 p265-273, 8p). Existentialism is a term used by philosophical thinkers expressing that one’s life affirmation, one’s existence is determined by ones self. Despite life’s distractions and obstacles it is ones choice to live passionately, with sincere moral integrity as best as possible. This further supports how Nietzsche’s opposing thoughts towards empiricism of which means ones moral integrity is derived from senses and experience, however socially prevalent those views might have been by Germany, Nietzsche still profoundly opposed them. In books such as Daybreak: Reflections on Moral Prejudices, 1881 (Morgenrà ¶te. Gedanken à ¼ber die moralischen Vorurteile) (Osborn, R. E. (2010). Nihilisms Conscience: On Nietzsches Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism. Modern age; Vol. 52 Issue 4, p 293-308), Nietzsche’s most memorable, clearest, and intimate volumes, expressing many social-psychological insights and cultural relativity using Christian Based moral evaluations as reflections on good and evil. There were several books to follow Daybreak in the late 1880’s, Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883–85) and Ecce Homo (1888); this volume expressed the deepest of understanding power, humans and moral behaviors. Friedrich Nietzsche’s crusade against morality had begun and he followed up with The Gay Science (Die frà ¶hliche Wissenschaft, 1882) (Osborn, R. E. (2010). Nihilisms Conscience: On Nietzsches Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism. Modern age; Vol. 52 Issue 4, p 293-308) a book in which Nietzsche becomes famous for his existential ideas pertaining the existence of life. In this book I believe Nietzsche was encouraging the citizens of Germany to speak out against the injustice towards freedom and lack of moral integrity that the German political system was advocating. As Nietzsche’s world changed around him he felt more and more compelled to change it, standing by his own philosophical views and taking his life into his hands; becoming a martyr for the freedom of speech and cultural adversity that he so dearly believed in. Nietzsche felt very patiently towards open culture as well as freedom and this era of Germany was a huge influence on his work as it was a significant shift in decisions set by the new acclaimed authority. The Battle of good and evil is a constant in a world with no balance and a constant struggle of power. Friedrich Nietzsche so profoundly advocated freedom and cultural adversity, in which has inspired leading figures in all walks of cultural life, including dancers, poets, novelists, painters, psychologists, philosophers, sociologists and social revolutionaries; however there is always a power working against that and thus the problems that were his era are still amongst us. Until people accept others and are willing to live with respect to cultural adversity then there will always be evil immoral versus good moral. Throughout the history of any sovereignty there is a constant battle for power, beliefs and cultural relativity. Friedrich Nietzsche stood for freedom of choice and through his passionate writings did so very well; however as Nietzsche has expressed so dearly it is within ones choice to act with moral integrity based upon there perception of good and evil. These are the choices that affect us daily and round us as individuals; personally I have faced immoral decisions and it is in those moments, that you do not always realize at once, the affect that decision can have on another. In agreement with Friedrich Nietzsche, to recognize and feel remorse in your conscious or subconscious decision is what differentiates good and evil. For instance, contemporarily when you are in a delicate discussion of religion amongst peers of various cultural background I have to think open-mindedly with conscious acceptance to the reasoning behind cultural and religious background before making a judgmental statement. As well as Politics in Canada is directed for different groups of people, as politics usually is, so immediately there is a divide in Canada’s cultural, ethnic, and working class; because it is in the current political power to protect Canada’s Economic, Environmental or Social well-being. There is no balance and I believe without balance in a person, country or cultural group there cannot be a sustainable approach to good and evil; there is always a stretch for that much more power on any side, affecting moral. References Brandhorst, M. (2010). Naturalism and the Genealogy of Moral Institutions: Journal of Nietzsche Studies. Issue 40, p 5-28, 16p. Curry, B. (2008). The Perspectives of Nietzsche. Retrieved from http://www.pitt.edu/-wbcurry/nietzsche.html. Osborn, R. E. (2010). Nihilisms Conscience: On Nietzsches Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism. Modern age; Vol. 52 Issue 4, p 293-308. Palante, G. (2009, June 1st). Historical Philosophical Forum. Vol. 40 Issue 2 p265-273, 8p. Robertson, S. (2009). Nietzsches Ethical Revaluation: Journal of Nietzsche Studies; Issue 37, pp 66-90.

I Am Tolstoy, But Not A Tolstoyian :: essays research papers

In 1828, somewhere in the countryside north of Moscow, Leo Tolstoy was born into the Russian nobility. Count Tolstoy, although acquainted with the finer things that life had to offer, new that the Romantic view of the world was false early in his life. His mother left this world when he was two, and his father undoubtedly told horrific stories of the chaotic Napoleonic Wars. This, coupled with the consecutive deaths of not only his father, but his favorite aunts and grandmother, all before his twenty-first birthday, a three year stint in the military during the Crimean war, and the works of masters such as Rousseau, Voltaire, Hegel, Darwin, Dickens, Gogol, and the New Testament contributed to the literary genius which is Tolstoy. As a realist, Tolstoy was committed to truthfully representing reality in literature. As a founder of a socio-religious movement, aptly named Tolstoyism, his goal was to enlighten the masses. The Death of Ivan Ilyich is a prime example of the merger of these two ideals. At first glance this is a simple tale of a "most simple and most ordinary and therefore most terrible" man’s life and death (1208). But upon closer scrutiny, we see that this is a stylized account of the Count’s own life. Much like Ivan, the Count married a younger wife, not so much out of love, as out of convenience. After a few years of marital bliss, problems arose. Both men tried to separate home and work, with the disastrous results of neglecting their wives. Although ideally matched socially, these two couple’s argued about everything from work and politics, to the children not eating their food fast, or slow enough. When Ivan dies, his wife wraps up his affairs, as best she can. Tolstoy, however, made out his will well before his death in 1910, and interestingly enough, leaves his wife of over 50 years relatively little of his possessions. Another similarity between the Count and the Judge is their deaths. Ivan’s "floating kidney," or "appendicitis," depending on the doctor, caused him great pain and discomfort for the last couple years of his life. Towards the end, he refused to see any doctors, and finally had a revelation. Tolstoy died the death of an eighty-two year old

Management In The News

Management is a way of creating, stirring, accessing and reusing knowledge to accomplish organization goals.Infosy’s works with you to build the appropriate knowledge management framework and processes as well as identifying technological solutions for establishing sound knowledge management system and processes .Inforsy’s won the prestigious Global most admirarable knowledge enterprise (M.A.K.E.) Award for the year 2003 validating infosy’s leadership in knowledge management. Knowledge is our most valuable resource and infosy’s process for knowledge management ensure that projects team derive the most out of knowledge for good management. Good management operates at three levels; Organization level, project level and accounts level. As decision makers in the health care business, you grapple with challenges, imperatives and trade offs that are shaping the competitive   dynamics of the industry. How can administrative costs and overheads are controlled while improving patient’s service and overall efficiency. How can health care are made more consumer centered without adding to delivery costs. How can spiraling IT costs be raised in so that resources are available for making new investments in technology to create competitive leadership capabilities. For the last 25 years Infosy’s has been working with payers, producers, and PMBs to help them become more competitive. As new stake holders such as RHIOs and NHEs emerge, we are synthesizing our knowledge in heath care and technology to offer new solutions. Our dedicated health care practice includes more than 200 professionals. (Tichy and Cohen, 1997) There are three secrets on management; One minute objective setting, One minute praising and one minute reprimand. The ABCs that’s Activators, i.e. actions taken by managers before some can accomplish a goal.Behaviour, i.e. what the person says or does and Consequences. Empowerment Authorizing employees to do there work without the need to seek approval from superiors. Give a sense of responsibility and achievement to employee. Manager’s Role Managers in a health organization have a variety of roles. (Manfred David Mann) in a short sway on the role of managers under participative and authoritarian style of management covers decision making and basic characteristics of style. Managers do as they are told to do .They help in transiting orders (work responsibility is delegated). Managers coordinate own groups work with that of the group in which he’s a surboninate.Decision making are made at the top and hence ensure participation in decision making at all levels. Managers also help in directing and managing change i.e. overcome problems of size and hence management effectiveness can be raised by 20-30 %. Managers normally plan ahead, find best strategies, decide and implement projects, they agree on targets and objectives, monitor and control progress, evaluate performance and carryout appraisals. Managers in proper organization. Discuss the role and responsibilities of managers in different circumstances. (Kotter, 1996) Management / Motivation Theory Management theories describe several approaches to management and distinguish its leadership and management. Scientific management (Fredrick W Taylor, 1900’s).Each task scientifically and rationally optimized to improve productivity e.g. shoveling coal, optimum shovel size, best service and ideal coal size and type. Ford motor company embraced Tailors work in production lines, high wages, lines moved increasingly quickly, workers could stand the pace for only a couple of years, many other ready to take there place. Bureaucracy (Max Weber’s 1920’s). The need to achieve consistency gave rise to need for rules and regulations. All tasks routine, each person expert, all transactions written. Said regular activities distributed as fixed official duties, all activities follow the organizational hierarchy, operations receive equal treatment under consistent system of abstract rules, official separate as formalistic personalities without becoming emotionally involved. (Kotter, 1996) Human relations (Hawthorne experiments).   Elton Mayo 1930’s and 40’s   experiments with consulting workers about work place lighting levels improved productivity for both experimental and control groups. Similar experiments found productivity always improved no matter what one changed. In conclusion, people are not the rational and economic beings assumed by classical theory. Social interaction is important and people work well if they feel valued. Motivation. The hierarchy of needs (A H Maslow, 1950’s and 60’s came up with five stages, biological (hunger, warmth and rest), safety (protection from danger), socialization (love, affection and avilliation), self esteem (autonomy, dignity and respect), and self actualization (realize our potential through competence, creativity and achievement. (Tichy and Cohen, 1997) Complex man theory looked at people from economic, social and selfactualisation.All these approaches may be considered too realistic i.e. no single management style can succeed in improving the performance of all workers. The motives of an individual may be extremely complex and reliable and to change over time. A high level of satisfaction does not necessary lead to increased production. Management by objectives is fundamental. Strategic management, setting objectives for staff and accessing achievements, decentralization, managing in turbulent times, preparing to deal with sudden changes and take advantage of new situations. (Tichy and Cohen, 1997) Problem Resolution All organizations have objectives-goals to meet-but rarely a technique in place to meet those objectives. Sum Total by business goals through there work with many large and small companies see recurring business problems that crop up frequently hence provide best solutions. They have created and refined a performance, learning and knowledge management platform that strengthens talents. The following can be solutions to management, talent management, extended enterprise, channel effectiveness, regulatory compliance, operational proficiency, customer education and call customer   service and solutions For good management qualified staff must be used and especially with experience, recruitment must be used at the right time without any sort of corruption, unions must be formed and trustful leaders chosen, in case of any reorganization, it should be fair and all members involved, proper budgeting should be done, incase of promotions it should be done fairly. (Kotter, 1996) Reference Kotter, J. P. (1996): Leading Change. Harvard Business School Press, September 1996 Tichy, N. M. and Cohen, E.B. (1997): The Leadership Engine: How Winning Companies Build Leaders at Every Level. Harper Business, November 1997.                                                                     

Role Of Women In Pygmalion - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 700 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Pygmalion Essay Did you like this example? In its simplest form, Feminism concerns the social, political, and economic equality of both sexes, and generally details the activism and adversities faced to achieve such equality. Its a complex set of ideologies and theories, that at its core seeks to achieve equal rights for women and men. Writings will often reflect the cultural assumptions and attitudes of their time period, which includes the general insolences towards women: their status, their roles, their expectations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Role Of Women In Pygmalion" essay for you Create order Pygmalion, a play written by Bernard Shaw, uses the feminist perspective to present a realistic or convincing picture of the world women live in, helping the reader better understand Lizas internal impasse. Act 1 begins with the authors attempt to present idea of ?Eliza, who at the time is a nameless flower girl amongst a cluster of pedestrians taking shelter from the rain. She objects to a well-groomed note taker (Higgins) writing down her words as she sells flowers, as if shes doing something improper. She contests Hes no right to take away my character. My character is the same to me as any ladys. Though a dirty, grossly dressed member of the working-class poor, she nevertheless exhibits strong-willed pride in speaking up to the gentleman and defending her character. This portion of the story helps the reader better understand Victorian culture, as they take respectability very seriously. Eliza refuses to let someone rob her of the thing she values as much as any lady. The play continues with Eliza upset that Higgins†a professor of phonetics†has been copying down her speech. The nameless flower girl persists in protesting her innocence and her right to share the street wi th him. Impatient with her complaining and horrified by her awful English, Higgins berates her for sounding like a ?sick pigeon: A woman who utters such depressing and disgusting sounds has no right to be anywhere†no right to live. Remember that you are a human being with a soul and the divine gift of articulate speech: that your native language is the language of Shakespeare and Milton and The Bible; and dont sit there crooning like a bilious pigeon. ( Act 1, Higgins.) His blatant disrespect to the female Eliza reveals to the readers his deep respect for the English language and his passion to hear it spoken correctly. This fact advances the plays narrative by helping the reader understand his profession later. The second act starts to describe the note taker, Higgins, in further detail. Professor Henry Higgins is a phonetician, that makes a bet to take the lower-class working woman, Eliza Doolittle, from the streets and turn her into an upper-class lady. In this, he attempts to sculpt her into his ideal image of a woman by teaching her how to dress, speak, and act in proper company; which moreover will make her better off in society. I want to be a lady in a flower shop stead of selling at the corner of Tottenham Court Road. But they wont take me unless I can talk more genteel. (Eliza, to Higgins Pickering, Act 2). In light of the situation, her request demonstrates courage, because she†a nobody in society†is laying out her dream before these gentlemen. There is every chance one or both could crush it. The idea that the men are the ones with the power to make-or-break her future relays the gravity of Elisa situation to the readers. The story directly acknowledges the disparity seen in female inequality by having Mrs. Higginsâ€Å"The professors momâ€Å"act as the voice of reason and caution throughout the play. You certainly are a pretty pair of babies, playing with your live doll. (Mrs. Higgins, Act 2.) At this point, Eliza dresses exquisitely, and her articulation is nearly perfect. However, her lack of social graces gives away her low-class origins. Unphased, Higgins and Pickering excitedly discuss her progress, yet speak of Eliza only as an object in the experiment. Mrs. Higgins sees how the girl as a person is being overlooked, and chastises the two men for their insensitivity. The story conclusively reflects the cultural assumptions and attitudes of their time period, which includes the general insolences towards women: their status, their roles, their expectations.