The Policy-Making Process - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1302 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Uncategorized Essay Did you like this example? The Policy-Making Process Policies are ubiquitous. They practically exist in everything, in everywhere. Needless to say, policies are set of rules, protocols or principles that serve as guide towards an optimistic outcome. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Policy-Making Process" essay for you Create order Policies may marginally differ in description, specifics and goals depending on the context one may want to put it in but they always hold a common denominator à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to achieve the desired favorable result. Policies are always in place because it is one of the major reasons that keep an organization strong and intact. Imagine an organization without guide, rules or direction. Imagine the devastations of having improper policies to no policy at all. Thinking of the hardships that may arise is already mind-boggling let alone having to face it in an actual setting. Policy-making is clearly not just a walk in the park. There are tons of factors that must be considered in order to come up with a sensible and effective policy. That said, policy-making should be critically done in a step-by-step, detail by detail procedure. Below are the key stages in policy-making process and every stage is packed with essential points to ponder: I. Problem Identification and Agenda Setting The first stage of policy-making process is the identification of the problem. It is very important that the problem be defined clearly. Apparently, unclear problem equates to unclear solution, worse is wasting time addressing a problem that is vague and blurry. There are different techniques out there that involve critical thinking and analyses to clearly define what the problem is so that appropriate solution could be formulated and applied. Listed below are some of the techniques: Observation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this is probably the most basic technique in identifying the problem. Through keen and factual observation, the management or the administrator would be able to anticipate and identify an arising problem. One basic example is in a school or classroom setting, a school head officer notices that a significant number of students consistently come in late to class which affects their learning scope as well as the instructors teaching plan. The school head officer may define or implement a policy with the goal of minimizing and even eliminating tardiness instances. Root Cause Analysis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this technique is basically asking 5 Whyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in order to dig deep into the problem until the root cause is finally determined. According to Six Sigma, asking the 5 Whyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s is the simplest tool in analyzing a problem. It is most useful to problems that involve human factors and interactions as well as day-to-day business life. [1] Cause Effect Analysis or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fishboneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Diagram à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this technique is majorly designed to identify the causes of a problem. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s alternately called fishbone diagram because of the use of fishbone-like diagram to present cause and effect. The analysis involves brainstorming sessions so as to extract all possible causes of a problem and rate them according to importance. After clearly defining the problem and gathering the essential information through the techniques listed above, the next on the list is to set the agenda. This is the point where the defined problem is recognized and hyped so as to get the policy makersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ attention and get it addressed. II. Policy Formation Policy formation is where the negotiation takes place among parties in order to satisfy various interests and eventually build a solid support. Policy formation may vary according to the nature of policy and the organizational structure in which it is made but often includes:[2] assembling information developing arguments developing alternatives persuading others In a health care context, policy formation is said to be influenced by a framework called the health policy triangle which was proposed by Walt and Gibson. The triangle presents a complex inter-relationship among context, actors and process.[3] Source: https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk Where, Actors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" these are the individuals within the organization whose actions affect the policy. Context à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" these are factors that may affect the policy: situational, structural, cultural and international.[4] Content à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the scope of the policy. Process à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the policy-making itself. Generally speaking, policy formation is the stage of policy-making process that involves consideration of the different factors and proposals in order to come up or form a clear cut policy. It is important to bring these factors into the scene so as to address any underlying opportunities that could hinder the implementation of the policy. The framework shown above may or may not apply to the actual setting but it sure informs us that the inter-relationship among the individuals or groups that affects the policy is a key point to take note of. III. Policy Adoption Policy adoption is the stage where the management adopts the policy and put it into recognition and effect. At this stage, the adopted policy may still be subject to revisions or reconstruction based on the inputs or influences of the various interests of involved individuals or groups. IV. Policy implementation Policy implementation is where the action and execution of the plan occur. Lineberry, American Public Policy, described policy implementation as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Policy making is the stage of policy-making between the establishment of a policy and the consequences of the policy for the people whom it affects. Also, implementation involves translating the goals and objectives of a policy into an operating, ongoing progr am.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (via macrothink.org)[5] The implementation stage also includes analysis of the possible scenarios that may arise be it best or worst. During this stage, a systematic approach is recommended from the implementation itself through identifying possible scenarios or issues and finally formulating action plans to address them. V. Policy evaluation Evaluation is the last step of the process. In this stage, several questions may be asked to measure or assess the crafted policy. A published study course of the California State University cited some questions which may be used in assessing or evaluating a policy: Was the problem correctly identified? Were all important aspects covered? Were recommendations properly implemented? Is the policy meeting the desired effect? Should there be any need for changes, revisions or redesigning, what should be done differently? According to the study course, if the desired effect of the policy was not met it is either of the two failures known as theory failure and program or implementation failure. [6] Where, Theory failure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this failure occurs when the policy was implemented however did not meet the desired effect or result. Yes, the policy was implemented as intended however it did not hit the specific target. This often occurs when the theory formulated to solve the problem is wrong or is not entirely applicable which may be a cause of not considering all factors that may affect the policy during the formation stage. Implementation failure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this failure occurs when the policy was not successfully implemented or executed. Lack of communication may be one of the causes which results to non-compliance of some of the participants that are expected to comply. [1] Asking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Why?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  may (n.d.). Retrieved January 31, 2014, from Six Sigma, Six Sigma Tools Templates website, https://www.isixsigma.com/tools-templates/cause-effect/determine-root-cause-5-whys/ [2] Steinbach, Rebecca. (n.d.) Principal Approaches to Policy Formation. HealthKnowledge (Education, CPD and Revalidation from PHAST), https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy-economics/4c-equality-equity- policy/principle-approaches-policy-formation [3] Steinbach, Rebecca. (n.d.) Principal Approaches to Policy Formation. HealthKnowledge (Education, CPD and Revalidation from PHAST), https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy-economics/4c-equality-equity- policy/principle-approaches-policy-formation [4] Steinbach, Rebecca. (n.d.) Principal Approaches to Policy Formation. HealthKnowledge (Education, CPD and Revalidation from PHAST), https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/pub lic-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy-economics/4c-equality-equity- policy/principle-approaches-policy-formation [5] Noruzi, Mohammad Reza Irani, Farhad Nezhad Haj. (2011). Policy Affairs and Policy Implementation Issues; How Policy Implementation Can Be Effective?. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, (1)1, 3-4. Doi: 10.5296/jpag.v1i1.718 [6] Implementation, Monitoring Evaluation (n.d.). Retrieved February 01, 2014 from California State University Long Beach website, https://www.csulb.edu/~msaintg/ppa670/psch9.htm#POLICY EVALUATION

Sample Resume Operational Excellence - 4744 Words

August 11, 2015 Arizona State University Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering IEE 552 Strategic Technologic Planning Literature Review on Operational Excellence James Sheahan, Devon Hall Joseph Begala Operational Excellence Abstract Organizations need to become more competitive through operational excellence in a constantly changing dynamic market. This paper addresses reviews several scholarly research and literature review papers in order to explore concepts related to operational excellence as applied to all areas of a business. When broken down, operational excellence can be roughly categorized into five pillars: strategic clarity, organizational culture, business structure, effective planning, and superior alignment. Operational Excellence Fishbone Diagram Image Subject Overview Operational excellence has developed over the past century to become a dynamic and competitive method to optimize and excel in the global market. It is no longer a centralized business success model but has come to represent an umbrella of concepts and methods designed to achieve an economic ideal for quality and execution, both internal and external. To quote Hedley Lamarr, it is how well that a company is able to, â€Å"go do, that voodoo, that [they] do, so well (Brooks 1974).† One significant challenge is attempting to address operational excellence as a single concept. Because it encompasses such a rich and evolved panoply of sub-topics, finding a limited set ofShow MoreRelatedTask 1 Healthcare Ecosystems1304 Words   |  4 Pageshad to be evacuated after multiple electrical outages and mechanical systems failed, among them was the NYU Langone Medical Center.2 Six Months after Hurricane Sandy, health care facilities and hospitals were still struggling to go back to full operational status. The affected hospitals extend beyond the NYU Langone Medical Center, which shut down almost in its totality after storm damages. 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Disease Due To Lack Of Exercise Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Disease Due To Lack Of Exercise. Answer: The example of a disease that has recently affected the human in this era is obesity. On the surface of the main cause, the disease is the consumption of calories and less burning of energy as recently most of the people are lacking physical activity. Thus energy imbalances cause more of body mass and lead to obesity (van Rossum, 2017). The energy imbalance occurs when the energy input is not equal to the output energy. Thus recently most of the developed countries due to lack of exercise and more consumption of unhealthy and high-calorie food cause increase in fat tissue and obesity. A wide spectrum of fatal diseases like type 2 diabetes, hormonal imbalance, and even cancer are linked to obesity and increased body mass index. The symptoms The symptoms include the increased weight. The loss of body fat gets difficult. Obesity links directly to increase in a level of HDL and cholesterol in the blood that often leads to stroke. The other symptoms include depression, diabetes, liver disease, osteoarthritis. The person often faces breathing disorders, sleep apnea, obstructive disease. The people also face high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, joint pain and other medical complications related to psychosocial problems (Khalife et al, 2014). The major biological reasons for the outcome It is already stated that obesity is the common disorder in industrial and developed societies. There are biological conditions that result in the combination of obesity. The biological factors are stimulated with environmental factors that likely cause the increase in weight. The biological factors are related to genetics, biochemistry, neuroanatomy. The impact is the early life growth of adipose tissue and the endocrine interactions followed with appetite regulation (Ochne et al, 2015). Genetics is the main reason behind the strong effect of obesity. It is already found that the obese parents have more likely obese offspring. The genes work when the environmental factors stimulate. The non-industrialized societies often become obese due to the eating of typical western diet. The hyper palatable junk foods cause change in the metabolic profile and often increases lipogenesis and increase body fat. Mostly the processed foods today have the massive effects on the cause of diabetes (Ca mpbell, 2015). Insulin is another contributing factor towards the increased cause of diabetes alongside obesity. Insulin resistance especially causes increased body weight and obesity which is difficult to control. Leptin hormone produced by the adipose cells that send signal to hypothalamus is crucial for developing obesity. The increased glucose level found even in adolescents is probably linked due to obesity. Impacts on human and society Apart from tobacco, obesity is also producing great harm in U.S. The impacts of health are also deep and vast for obesity. The psychosocial affects are more depression, low self- esteem, less employment. The health risks and mortality have also increased with obesity. In economic costs, obesity is a global crisis (Puhl, Luedicke Grilo, 2014). The process to do for the betterment of living It is also known that obesity is highly preventable. Thus for increasing the betterment of lives the resistance for obesity is the must. This could include the prevention policies and programs that need to be implemented such that it would make people aware of leading obesity and ways to modify the lives (Lumeng et al, 2015). They would help in the comparative risk assessment and make people understand the usefulness of physical activity every day. Since obesity is the lifestyle based epidemic disease. It would also identify the metabolic risk factors associated with it. Thus would increase the quality of life by managing everyday conditions that lead to obesity. There would be instrumental variables approach that can be used to make people more aware. Recently researchers have also identified the certain reason behind the cause of obesity and ways to manage the effects through different interventions. References Campbell, M. K. (2015). Biological, environmental, and social influences on childhood obesity.Pediatric research,79(1-2), 205-211. Khalife, N., Kantomaa, M., Glover, V., Tammelin, T., Laitinen, J., Ebeling, H., ... Rodriguez, A. (2014). Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms are risk factors for obesity and physical inactivity in adolescence.Journal of the American academy of child adolescent psychiatry,53(4), 425-436. Lumeng, J. C., Taveras, E. M., Birch, L., Yanovski, S. Z. (2015). Prevention of obesity in infancy and early childhood: a National Institutes of Health workshop.JAMA pediatrics,169(5), 484-490. Ochner, C. N., Tsai, A. G., Kushner, R. F., Wadden, T. A. (2015). Treating obesity seriously: when recommendations for lifestyle change confront biological adaptations.The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology,3(4), 232-234. Puhl, R. M., Luedicke, J., Grilo, C. M. (2014). Obesity bias in training: attitudes, beliefs, and observations among advanced trainees in professional health disciplines.Obesity,22(4), 1008-1015. van Rossum, E. F. (2017). Obesity and cortisol: New perspectives on an old theme.Obesity,25(3), 500-501.

The Memory Keepers Daughter free essay sample

Memory Keeper’s Daughter written by Kim Edward, the main character, David Henry, made a decision that has impacted not only his life but the rest of his family also. David was a very confusing character. Henry’s character played an important role because the decision of giving his daughter up changed his whole life and broke his family apart. When his wife went into labor he delivered the twin babies, Paul and Phoebe. When Phoebe entered the world he noticed she has defects in her face and hands that lead him to diagnose her with autism. He decided to give up his daughter, because he was afraid of what society would think and was afraid that an abnormal child would destroy his current family; just like his sister did during his childhood. Due to the result of giving up his daughter, one very major secret has stood in the middle of their family. We will write a custom essay sample on The Memory Keepers Daughter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Deception, secrets, and regrets have shaped the family and caused major problems throughout their life. Almost everybody has done something that they have regretted later on in life. When Phoebe was first born, David makes a rational decision that he eventually regrets later in his life. Henry felt that having a child who suffered from Down’s Syndrome would ruin his family, because he witnessed it once with his sister during his childhood. He felt that by giving up his daughter, he was protecting his family. Later throughout life David realizes that he gave up his little girl for no reason at all. â€Å"To the other children in this preschool Phoebe was simply herself, a friend who liked the color blue and Popsicles and twirling in circles; here, her differences went unnoticed. † (Edward, 159) Even though Phoebe had Down’s Syndrome she was capable of doing everything any other girl her age could do too. In the novel Edwards writes â€Å" anything can happen, anytime. But what goes wrong is not your fault. You can’t spend the rest of your life tiptoeing around to try and avert disaster. It won’t work. You’ll just end up missing the life you have. †(Edward, 76) This quote fits perfectly with the theme of regret because it describes what will happen if you try to make everything in your life perfect with no flaws; it just won’t happen and you will regrets some things you did and didnt do. Another major theme in the book was deception. The whole novel is solely  based around one major lie that affects the whole Henry family. When Phoebe is born and David realizes that she has autism, he gives Phoebe to Caroline the nurse, and then David tells Norah that she had twins but the little girl died at birth. Once David told that lie, there was no going back. He lived his whole live lying to his family, regretting his mistake, and being trapped in his own secret. Either things grow and change or they die. †(Edward, 376) That quote relates to David’s downfall comes at the end of the book when he finally couldn’t handle keeping that major secret any longer. David never got the courage to tell Norah what he did when Phoebe was born. He never grew the courage or changed his lying ways. He has an aneurysm and ends up dying from holding everything in for such a long period of time. The last part of the theme were all the secrets. Secrets are powerful things that could break a relationship. In the novel there are many secrets, small and big, that affect the storyline. Obviously, the biggest one is David’s secret about giving away Phoebe but there are also other ones that occur throughout the story. David and Phoebe are having affairs with other people which is another secret that affects the whole storyline of the novel. â€Å"Together, without speaking, they walked to the little cottage. She left her clothes on the sand; she did not care about that either, that anyone might see them. † (Edward, 186). That quote shows how Norah started having an affair with a guy while on vacation with her family. Paul also keeps secrets from his father because sometimes David doesnt approve of his choices. Not only do all these secrets cause drama, they also begin to slowly break up the family. Secrets, deception, and regret begin to wear away the family slowly as the novel progresses. In the end of the novel Norah finally gets to meet her long lost daughter and Paul also gets to meet his twin sister who he has never known. Kim Edwards really displays the heartache of a family who was corrupt from the very beginning. David’s demise leads to joy and happiness in the end for Norah, Phoebe, and Paul. Even though deception, secrets, and regrets were a big part of the Henry’s family, they also had moments of joy, love, and happiness.

Managing in the Global Work Force

Elderly Abuse In Nursing Homes In Pakistan Social Work Essays

Elderly Abuse In Nursing Homes In Pakistan Social Work Essays Elderly Abuse In Nursing Homes In Pakistan Social Work Essay Elderly Abuse In Nursing Homes In Pakistan Social Work Essay Ageing is the cosmopolitan phenomenon encountered by every human single across the life span. All human existences expect for a healthy and happy old age but non many of them pull off to acquire all those in world. In this current century, universe scenario is altering quickly in the signifier of rise in aged population than earlier. Many developing states including Pakistan are affected by this planetary alteration. A study on planetary wellness and ripening shared recent statistics that in 2010, an estimated 524 million were aged 65 old ages or older doing 8 % of universe population. It is interesting to observe that by 2050 this figure is expected to treble to about 1.5 billion meaning 16 % of universe s population ( WHO Report, 2011 ) . Ironically, in developing states, geriatric population between 2010 and 2050 is expected to increase more than 250 per centum as compared to developed states. Ali and Kaini ( 2003 ) add that this tendency in ageing is the consequence of the demogr aphic displacement in birthrate rates in combination with mortality rates ensuing in ripening of the population ( p. 1 ) . Having a glimpse at our national scenario, it is estimated that the proportion of population 60 old ages and above in Pakistan will increase from 5.8 per centum in the twelvemonth 2000 to 7.3 per centum in 2025 and 12.4 per centum in 2050 ( United Nations, 2002 ) . Reason for the choice of this subject I came up with my thesis subject as every twelvemonth peculiarly on festivals such as Eid, different media channels broadcast plans where positions of aged who are shacking in their shelter places are taken. The oculus catching minute was the hurting and call these ageing parents expressed, when their kids neglected and dumped them in shelter places, when they most need support in their last old ages of life. This event influenced me to work for my thesis in the field of gerontologies. Therefore, in the visible radiation of the important planetary and national figures, the awaited demographic tendency will ensue in more aging population. Increase in ageing will predispose the seniors to endure in chronic unwellnesss, disablements and new disease forms. Another, considerable turning fact is that, due to the displacement of social paradigm, aged population will be the most vulnerable group necessitating wellness attending presently and in the old ages in front. Therefore, it is recomme nded that older grownups should stay socially active in their ulterior old ages ( Bergstrom, Holmes A ; Pecchioni, 2000 ) . The findings from the proposed research part in this country peculiarly in Pakistani context will help in make fulling the spread where aged population can renew themselves without being isolated from societal life, and can populate with quality, self-respect and free of force in their empty nest yearss. Significance of the job Many decennaries ago the construct of force against adult females and kids was objected throughout the universe but researches in these countries have resulted in the protection and formation of Torahs for these groups. Likewise, aged maltreatment is yet another novel and critical public wellness and societal issue that need prompt attending. Infact, it is one of the most serious topic which is under reported nationally and internationally ensuing in 1000s of soundless victims. Numerous surveies are being conducted in the developed states on the assorted facets of the ageing population in order to guarantee optimal quality in the ulterior stage of life clip. However, many of the South Asiatic states including Pakistan are confronting serious challenges of reduced economic system, low nest eggs, high rising prices rates ; fiscal benefits for few per centums of authorities employees, deficiency of wellness insurance coverage are doing the life of this vulnerable group questionable. Apa rt from these brushs, aged population are facing with the diminution of extended household system and the outgrowth of atomic households ( Jalal A ; Younis, 2012 ) . In Asiatic civilizations, many of socio cultural patterns are grounded on construct of extended household system. Old members of the household are taken attention by the immature coevals and it is regarded dishonourable if any senior lives entirely or in nursing place. In add-on to it, this passage has led to the diminution in older determination doing power and place and to bask subsequently old ages with self-respect and dignity. Due to this transition the aged are at hazard, as the younger and more productive members of the household take over, marginalising the aged into places of dependance both societal and economic ( Subzwari A ; Azhar, 2010, p. 2 ) . Another of import alteration that has taken topographic point in the last twosome of old ages is that younger persons are migrating for better employment chances go forthing behind parents with no 1 to care for them, doing aged to populate entirely or they are shifted to shelter places. Sabzwari and Azhar ( 2010 ) supports that one in five patients at the third attention infirmary in Karachi are aged. It is estimated that at least 6-7 % of aged sing geriatric clinics at the Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi are populating entirely with small aid ( p. 2 ) . Addition in life anticipation has led to significant addition in aging population globally and it is predicted that the universe s aged population will go on to increase with an estimated rate at 67 % residing in developing states by the twelvemonth 2020 ( Karunakara A ; Stevenson, 2012, Aging population subdivision, parity. 1 ) . In Pakistani context, 60 old ages is designated as the age of aged. Jalal and Younis ( 2012 ) portions WHO report that: 5.6 % of Pakistan s population was over 60 old ages of age, with a chance of duplicating to 11 % by the twelvemonth 2025. Pakistan s life anticipation was increased from 45.6 old ages in 1950 to 66.8 old ages in 2008 with a chance of increasing to 72 old ages by 2023 ( p. 2 ) . Hence, the diminution of popular extended household system and rise of calling oriented households, and alteration in familial values compounded by significant addition in ageing, topics older population to maltreatment and this country requires immediate consideration. Jamuna ( 2003 ) rationalizes that a series of developments, such as urbanisation, industrialisation, and migration, and a turning sense of philistinism and individualistic orientations have threatened the civilization of past ( p.129 ) . One important cause for low rate of maltreatment in Asiatic civilizations is conformity to the value of regard for their seniors whereas western civilizations sideline them but dismaying mark is that this malignant neoplastic disease is bit by bit turning in our civilization. Research inquiry Older people are left with infinite jobs in their ulterior stage of life where these old ages are believed to populate in regard, sedateness and dignity with their married kids and grandchildren. On the contrary, this age group has to pass their lives in isolation at place or in shelter places due to neglect and barbarous intervention by them. Although, these old places are answer to most in demand yet they still non supply a solution to bulk of the population. Our civilization despite its gradual transmutation still adheres to the value of caring for their aged at place ( Subzwari A ; Azhar, 2010 ) . Elder maltreatment is the dismaying public wellness issue nowadays in both developed and developing states. Very small information is available sing the extent of ill-treatment in aged particularly in developing states, it is estimated that 4-6 % of aged people have experienced some signifier of ill-treatment at place. ( WHO fact sheet, 2011 ) . However, older people are frequently afr aid to describe instances of ill-treatment to household, friends, or to the governments. There is no dependable informations or research conducted in Pakistani context, where agonies of these aged populations populating in nursing places could be researched and addressed. Dildar, Saeed and Sharjeela ( 2012 ) references that elder maltreatment and disregard are hard to quantify as these occur in the privateness of the place, establishments and under reported in our state ( p. 662 ) . Based on the above facts and literature I came up with the research inquiry that, what are the experience and the perceptual experience of aged people populating in nursing place in Karachi, Pakistan? Literature hunt scheme Literature hunt was conducted in a systematic manner by using available electronic databases, in order to reexamine and research existing literature related to maltreatment of aged population in nursing place. In order to observe relevant literature, two major databases, CINHAL plus with full text and PUBMED was used. Another hunt engine like Google bookman was besides searched to happen the relevant literature beginnings. These databases were searched for the clip period between the twelvemonth 2000 and 2012. Different cardinal words or combination of cardinal words along with the usage of Boolean operators were used for all hunt engines, like senior maltreatment and nursing places, elder ill-treatment and nursing places. A equivalent word for senior maltreatment like geriatric maltreatment and for nursing place like shelter place was typed on the hunt saloon. Relevant articles were hunted when the key words were written in research rubric, abstract of reappraisal articles of all in formations bases. A separate hunt was carried out for placing the available literature in Pakistan for this intent the term Pakistan was added along with other cardinal words to seek relevant Pakistani beginnings. Mention lists of retrieved articles from these databases were besides checked for relevant literature. Search from all informations bases were narrowed down by the usage hunt filters like twelvemonth scope, gender, age and linguistic communication. For item literature hunt and figure of hits ( See appendix A ) . Literature reappraisal analysis on aged maltreatment in nursing places Definition The topic of senior maltreatment began to have acknowledgment since 1970, and the first roar on senior maltreatment appeared in UK medical diaries in 1975 as granny banging . It was identified by British Gerontologist and the first population based survey was done in USA in 1988. International Network for the Prevention of Elder Abuse ( INPEA ) defines older maltreatment is a individual or repeated act or deficiency of appropriate action, happening within any relationship where there is an outlook of trust which causes injury or hurt to an older individual ( INPEA, 2002, p. 3 ) . Age bracket for aged is 60 old ages and above. Some anticipations indicate that one million people turn 60 every month and 80 % of these are from the developing universe ( WHO/INPEA, 2002 ) . All the susceptible victims of maltreatment who are 65 old ages or more and enduring from mental upset, chronic disease, and disablement mostly depend on the funded establishments or NGO s but if there is fiscal restraint so these vulnerable groups have to restrict them to place. ( srilanka 2009 ) . There is considerable argument on the definition of senior maltreatment because some civilizations foster certain behaviours that may be considered as maltreatment in different cultural context. In Australia, senior refers to older local people who have specific places of power within native communities. It was recommended that elder maltreatment be replaced with senior maltreatment in an Australian context as it referred to original and senior population ( Ryan, 2009 ) . It can be argued that maltreatment occurs within a relationship where there is an outlook of trust, no affair different civilizations gives different definitions on senior maltreatment. However McFerran ( 2009 ) , asserts that research on domestic force in aged adult females asserts that, it is based on unequal power dealingss and traditional devaluation of adult females, non on relationships based on trust ( as cited in Ryan, 2009, Definition of senior maltreatment, parity. 3 ) . Therefore, irrespective of the type of maltreatment, it will decidedly ensue in pointless wretchednesss, strivings and sorrows, and lessening quality of life of aged. Types of senior maltreatment Elder maltreatment is categorized into five different types: physical maltreatment, psychological /emotional maltreatment, financial/material maltreatment, sexual maltreatment and disregard ( WHO/INPEA, 2002 ) . Most recent informations from USA provinces that, there are about 570,000 instances of senior maltreatment reported each twelvemonth, 55 % of the instances suffer from disregard which is the most common signifier of senior ill-treatment ( Facts on senior maltreatment, 2012 ) . Economic maltreatment is one of the most often reported signifiers of maltreatment, followed by disregard, psychological or emotional and eventually physical maltreatment. Sexual maltreatment of seniors is non reported every bit often as any other type of maltreatment ( Ryan, 2009 ) . Another dimension of senior ill-treatment is that it is non restricted to place environment, hazard is even go forthing them in nursing places, infirmaries and long term attention installations. An empirical survey in New Zealand reveals that psychological maltreatment ( 59 % ) is followed by material/financial ( 42 % ) and physical maltreatment ( 12 % ) were most often identified types of maltreatment. Sexual maltreatment occurred in 2 % of reported instances ( Gadit, 2009 ) . Canada is one of the universe s extremely civilised states studies that 22 % of Canadians think a senior they know personally might be sing some signifier of maltreatment, 90 % feel that the maltreatment experienced by an older individual frequently gets worse over clip ( Govt of Canada,2008, speedy facts on senior maltreatment in Canada ) . Deductions of the proposed research in nursing It is a ambitious undertaking for all wellness attention suppliers to expeditiously measure the aged group so that maltreatment can be identified and reported for the immediate intercessions. Proposed research on this topic will do people cognizant, that elder maltreatment will forestall older members from being favourable and positive members of the society. Furthermore, grounds based cognition on this affair will help in safeguarding and advancing public assistance of the aged clients. Harmonizing to Lachs and Pillemer ( 1995 ) guidelines from the American Medical Association suggest that all older grownups be asked by their doctors about household force, even in the absence of symptoms potentially attributable to mistreat or pretermit ( p. 438 ) . A careful history pickings and interviewing technique is important in placing accurate information on the possible maltreatment. If the force on senior is confirmed so precedence is to guarantee safety of the aged individual by dividin g from the culprit. In the western states, based on their cultural background, bulk of the old age population resides in shelter places. In Karachi, nursing places are managed by private NGO s or spiritual organisations. The Catholic Church runs three old people places in Karachi, and people shacking in these old places pay a minimum fees, and remainder are generated through the church ( Subzwari A ; Azhar, 2010 ) . Some nursing places are governed by spiritual communities working wihh the aid of voluntary and contribution support. Gadit ( 2009 ) identifies that Edhi Foundation is one glowering illustration of a service where abandoned aged people are housed. These aged people are shunned off by their kids under different stalking-horses like poorness, unwellness among aged and general intolerance ( p. 3 ) . Recommendation for the bar of senior maltreatment A national policy for the publicity of better wellness of the aged was designed in 1999, but execution is yet to be seen. This policy integrated preparation of primary attention physicians in gerontologies, handiness of dental attention, domiciliary attention, and a multi-tiered system of wellness attention suppliers for aged including physical healers and societal workers. ( sabeena jaleel 2012 ) . An of import recommendation is the induction of awareness plans among wellness attention professionals on the topic and the preparation of appraisal tools to observe maltreatment. Another, is the workshops for nursing and medical alumnuss should be conducted to observe and pull off elder maltreatment more efficaciously ensuing in prompt intervention steps. Potential research on assorted facets of attention of aged can press in the development of policy at governmental degree for the protection of geriatric population1. At national degree, electronic and print media can play a cardinal function in raising consciousness on this topic. It can move as a medium for the proviso of specially funded and recreational shelter places, free wellness attention installations, and formation of legislative policies ( Marshal, Benton A ; Barzier, 2000. Research Methodology The research attack which would outdo hole on the research inquiry would be qualitative in nature. I would wish to travel for Phenomenological method as it deals with the truth about world built in people s lived experience ( Polit A ; Beck, 2008, p. 227 ) . This attack can be applicable on those constructs which are cardinal to the life happenings of the human being. The nucleus end is to wholly understand individuals lived experience and perceptual experiences that it will bring forth. Inclusion Standards Inclusion standards will affect all aged people with an age of 60 old ages and above in both the genders. Another would be all aged population life in nursing places in Karachi. Exclusion Standards My exclusion standards would be all aged below 60 old ages of age. Decision

Investment Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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The Great Gatsby and A Dolls House | Analysis

The Great Gatsby and A Dolls House | Analysis INTRODUCTION The novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is set in the Jazz Age of America in the 1920s, where the end of the Great War brought a period of peace and prosperity. Mass production allowed much wider access to new consumer goods, such as radios and cars. The women of this era wore short hair and short dresses, and in many Western countries they finally achieved the right to vote. The former restrictions that applied to women were replaced by a new feeling of freedom. The play A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen was first performed in 1879, and through the characters of Nora and Torvald Helmer it illustrates the subordinate and confining position of women in marriages of the late Nineteenth Century. Torvald Helmer would have been easily recognised by the audience as a representative depiction of the middle class male attitude. Gender roles are highly defined in this play; even with the legal limitations of women and expectation that women would remain in domestic situations. Attitudes to marriage and relationships are reflected powerfully in these two pieces of work, where both protagonists, although they share some similarities, have extremely differing perceptions of what they want in life, which includes the different outlook each has on their marital relationship. Each of these works can be considered as early contributors to the body of modern literature. Although both are intensively concerned with their specific characters, they allow the reader to come to an appreciation of attitudes towards matrimony and relationships. Both The Great Gatsby and A Dolls House have made their contribution into the collection of literature that have marked the 1800-1900s, and through their portrayal of interesting and uniquely developed characters they have allowed reflection on the society of their time. Both pieces of work are modern in the sense of dealing with challenging issues which face modern society. The women Daisy Buchanon from The Great Gatsby and Nora Helmer from A Dolls House have been specifically chosen, being the obedient and subordinate possessions of their husbands, who evidently mask their possible intellectual potential. Whilst Nora develops a dramatic character change throughout the drama by realising her duties to herself, Daisy remains and accepts the same person she was at the beginning of The Great Gatsby. In this essay, comparisons will be made concerning both Nora and Daisys relationships with their husbands and children, as well as a deeper analysis into their personalities, uncovering the ir secret beliefs and motivations. In Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, each character is noteworthy when establishing the confusions and complexities of social relationships. The novel is considered a representation of the golden age of jazz and all of its extremes. The parties that Gatsby would host demonstrated the extreme ostentation of this era: wealth, luxury and corruption. The novel begins with a verse quotation from Thomas Park DInvilliers to introduce it; Then wear the gold hat, if that will move her and this is suggesting that one must do all things possible to impress the woman whose love one seeks. The novel is narrated by Nick Carraway, he is a persona adopted by the author and as a moral barometer the readers can value his insights and feel that he will be a reliable informant. Through his eyes and experiences we meet other characters and learn of all the relationships included in the novel. The chronology of the events of The Great Gatsby begins with the protagonist, Jay Gatsby, meeting and falling in love with a young Daisy while he is still a poor officer. When he is sent overseas, Daisy marries the very rich yet fierce Tom Buchanan. Fitzgerald gives the readers a significant impression of Tom through the use of many descriptive adjectives. The first time the readers are introduced to him he is in riding clothes this accentuates his muscularity, and his high boots are an association with military authority, and the fact that he was standing with his legs apart indicates a stance of confidence and power. Daisy, who becomes Toms wife, is also introduced to the readers in an imposing way. She is described as charming, passionate and witty and the readers learn that she had a sad and lovely face. Fitzgerald shows her personality as appealing, attention seeking, seductive and captivating in the sense that when she talks one enjoys being in her presence. Tom and Daisy also have a three year old daughter. When the readers are introduced to these characters they also learn that the relationship between them is not a typical relationship that a married couple are expected to have. To add, when Gatsby learns that Tom and Daisy married he decides to pursue wealth endlessly until he becomes a self-made millionaire. Gatsby then moves to New York and occupies a great mansion, where he begins to host generous parties to which he is hopeful that Daisy will appear. Nick Carraway, the narrator of the novel, lives next door to Gatsby and he is also Daisys cousin. When Gatsby learns this, he befriends Nick trusting that this will lead him to see Daisy again, which eventually does happen. The relationship between Gatsby and Daisy then is the rekindled, which introduces the readers to the central passion of the book as well as one of the most prominent relationships in the novel. Furthermore, the marital relationship between Daisy and Tom is a very unusual one due to the fact that Tom has a mistress in New York; Myrtle Wilson, who is also a married woman. The odd thing is Daisys attitude towards this relationship; Daisy continues to stay with Tom despite her knowledge of his unfaithfulness, and this is the thrust of the novel. This staggers Nick who does not understand why Daisy does not rush out of the house, child in arms, and also raises the central question, why does Daisy stay with Tom? Additionally, when Nick goes to visit Tom and Daisy at the beginning of the novel, Daisy confides in Nick, she calls herself cynical, and this is reflected in her negative approach to life and relationships. She also tells Nick that she cried when her daughter was born, the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool. Daisy indicates that being a fool will protect a girl from the harsh truth of infidelity. Daisy cried when her daughter was born, sadness is fixed in her life. The readers can appreciate that Daisy is not a fool because if she were she wouldnt be concerned about Toms mistress, and Tom is not a caring husband because when his child was born he was not nearby which is known when Daisy tells Nick that Tom was God knows where when their daughter was less than an hour old. This goes to add to the bizarre fact that Daisy does not leave Tom, despite almost everything being wrong in their marriage. Also, the relationship between Myrtle and Tom is one that is clearly driven by wealth. Tom entertains Myrtle in an apartment in New York. She was young when she married her husband, George Wilson, and she thought that he was a gentleman; she had little knowledge that he was a simple soul who had borrowed a suit for his wedding. She loves the sense of wealth from Tom that George could never provide, and she stays with Tom because of this; as well as the status, prestige and ego-flattery that he provides her with. Myrtle enjoys the lifestyle with Tom, in a boasting tone she chatters about the things she intends to purchase. These items are cheap consumables of no financial consequence to Tom. Furthermore, Myrtle enjoys being a hostess; which is reflected in the confident manner she behaves in. She changes into an elaborate dress when they get to their apartment with Nick and smiles with pride whenever complemented. When Tom slaps her and breaks her nose at the apartment he has provided her with, he proclaims his power and sense of male authority because that is the type of man he is. This goes to display that this relationship offers Myrtle the wealth and status she would never be able to receive from George; only leading her to want it more from Tom. Additionally, when Gatsby invites Nick out for lunch he introduces him to Meyer Wolfsheim, who was reputed to be a gambler who fixed the World Series in 1919.This illegal act linked Gatsby with a shady and suspicious reputation. There is no proof that Gatsby was involved in this illegal act but there is a long-standing association between the men; this linkage soils Gatsby, which shows that the relationship between the two men is not a decent one. The readers know that Gatsby originated as a poor deprived man, who suddenly, driven by his love for Daisy, became wealthy and owned much more then people knew he could afford. This goes to show that the origin of Gatsbys wealth may have come illegally and so it is not guaranteed that he may have this wealth forever. Moreover, the play A Dolls House is a clear analysis of a character that goes through a great dynamic change only to find her true self and to remove the dishonest perception of herself in the eyes of those around her. This change lead the character to become fully aware of her life along with an understanding of what an insincere life she had mistakenly led, and this character is known as Nora Helmer. At the beginning of the play, Nora is portrayed as a childish and naive housewife with a talent for spending money. This view is conveyed through the parent child dialogue she has with her husband and his usual categorization of Nora as an expensive little person with a talent for melting his money in her hands. This evidently reveals Noras relationship with her husband to be very similar to that of a relationship between a spoiled child and his parents. Also, through the character of Nora, Ibsen shows us that a woman is expected to be little more than a child in her own marriage, incapable of taking on serious issues, and useful only for her ability to amuse her husband. During the course of the play, as Ibsen takes the reader through the climax of Noras controlled life, he shows how Nora develops into a wiser and more determined woman who learns to have her say. Noras development is highlighted and guided with her growing courage, her direct attempts to become more equal with her husband, and her decision at the end of the play conveys Ibsens idea that a woman has a duty to herself, and that the marriage she shared with Torvald was so confining to the extent where she could only fulfil her duty to herself by leaving her husband. However, Nora learns this through the experiences she undergoes while she was treated more like Torvalds child rather than his wife. The fact that she does not retreat at Torvalds comparison of her to minor creatures, but rather she even links herself into his terminology by saying things such as we skylarks and squirrels just proves how blind Nora was towards her husbands arrogance and superiority. A major theme of the play, deception or the gap between appearance and reality, is introduced in the very first word of the play; Hide. Nora wants to hide the Christmas tree so that the children dont see it before it is decorated. The theme is developed throughout the play until it is realized that Noras entire relationship with her husband is based on many layers of deception; one of these layers is that Nora was constantly aware of the need to flatter and protect Torvalds masculine ego. She disguises her anxiety over the repayment of the substantial loan in order to protect Torvald fro m his own somewhat exaggerated sensitivity. Another strange deception in the play is the macaroons, which are symbolic to their relationship. Torvald forbids them while Nora enjoys them secretly, which just shows that Nora is capable of lies and deception. But the fact that Torvald forbids them because they will spoil Noras teeth also adds to the way in which Nora has more of a father-daughter relationship with Torvald, rather than a husband and wife relationship, because that is a strange instruction to be given to an adult. The deceptive relationship between Torvald and Nora is contrasted with that between Dr Rank and Nora. With Dr Rank, Nora is able to be more truthful and drops the childish-flirtatious act she employs with Torvald, and she is able to have open conversations with him, which shows the audience a different side of Nora. Through the relationship she has with Dr Rank the audience are able to appreciate that Nora can be treated as a woman and handle different situations in a much stronger manner than Torvald. In A Dolls House, Ibsen explores his interest in the role of women in society. He raises questions about how much a woman has to compromise her own wishes and aims in order to fit into society. Mrs Linde has had to give up her true love, Krogstad, and marry a man she did not love in order to gain the financial security she needed to look after her mother and brothers. This is known when Nora asks Kristina why she married her husband and she replies My mother was still alive; she was bedridden and helpless, and I had my two younger brothers to look after I didnt feel I could refuse his offer. Therefore, because she let the relationship with her loved one go in order to have the wealth she needed to look after her family, which shows that her life has been one of self-sacrifice rather than self-fulfilment. The relationship between Kristina Linde and Krogstad constitutes the sub-plot. It is of less importance of that of the Helmers, but serves as a contrast to aid the understanding of the audience of the relationship between the protagonists. Krogstad and Kristina find the mutual need, they are open and truthful, and they move towards emotional love. Ibsen has employed Krogstad to provide a device to bring the play to a climax. He has also provided a different male paradigm to that of Torvald, and when he had fulfilled these tasks, he takes no further part in the play. Krogstad does not hold a grudge; he is not vindictive and is prepared to request the return of his letter from Torvald. However Kristina makes the decisive decision of the play, she wants Torvald to find out the truth of Noras secret; it was she who saved Torvalds life, she borrowed money and forged her fathers signature without his consent. The novel The Great Gatsby investigates the new incidents that women began take part in society throughout the 1920s. Throughout the novel, in contrast to life before the early 1900s, women were almost on equilibrium with men; they were allowed to dress and behave like them. They were also allowed to drink and act in an improper manner at parties, and they also began to express their views more openly. This dramatic change had a great affect on the new established place that they held in society. Daisy is a character who had the wealth and beauty that other girls would dream of, however she let Tom degrade her and philander with other women, which made her the inferior of their relationship. Eventually as the novel goes on, Daisy gives herself a sense of freedom when she has the affair with Gatsby, and this is known when Tom is on the telephone, and it is rumoured that he is talking to his girl. Daisy kisses Gatsby and tells him, You know I love you,which is followed by a firm statem ent to Jordan Baker I dont care, which displays Daisy reacting against Toms infidelity and proclaiming her own standing and independence. Whats more is that although Torvald may regard Nora as extremely inferior to him, he had never used physical violence against her, as Tom of The Great Gatsby did on his mistress. When Myrtle attempts to elevate herself by speaking about Daisy, Tom violently lashes out and breaks her nose. Although distressed, Myrlte accepts that she has been put in her place as inferior and submissive to Tom. To add, Tom would answer the calls of his mistress at dinner time; indicating that he did not have an ounce of concern for Daisys feelings whatsoever. On the other hand, Nora was Torvalds whole world, and he would not dream of hurting her. Therefore, when Daisy decides to stay with Tom while Nora decides to leave Torvald, the readers are left in a confused state. Daisy stays with Tom because despite everything they are from the same social status. Tom offered Daisy certainty of position, while Gatsby has an upstart, and there are suspicions about his money. Gatsby also has no reputation in the background of being socially acceptable. Daisy stays with the group of socially stable people, and even though Gatsby loves her, she finds her wealth and position in society more important. Furthermore, Noras ultimate decision of deciding to leave her husband and children may seem uncalled for, however she did have reasons which supported her decision. The relationship she shared with Torvald was that like a father-daughter relationship, it was dishonest as well as hypocritical. There was no love between them; she was Torvalds doll wife and when she realises this she tells Torvald I dont love you anymore. At the end of the play, Nora is aware of herself and the subordinate inferior position she held for so many years. She feels a strong sense of injustice, firstly by her father and the by her husband, and she accuses Torvald; Its your fault Ive made nothing of my life. When she states her intention I must try to educate myself Torvald is concerned only about appearance; you havent thought of what people will say and then pathetically says I could change followed by his plaintive suggestion couldnt we live here as brother and sister? Both these ideas were dismissed out o f hand by Nora. When Ibsen presented the Helmer family to his 19th century audience, he had a strong intention of using the dramatic situation to further the consideration of the need for the status of women to be reappraised. He rejected the traditional view of women as inferior appendages to men. Ibsen believed that marriage should be a mutual arrangement, and that women had the right to develop their potential through education and involvement in the commercial world. His strongly implied criticism of Torvald Helmer was a criticism of the traditional male paradigm. F. Scott Fitzgerald set out to present an impression of American life during the exuberant period of the early 1920s. Although it was a time when women rejected restrictive traditions, Fitzgerald presents more as a social commentator then crusader for change. The traditional bonds of status and security are what hold Daisys relationship with Tom together. Their marriage was far from perfect, but it was sustained; they werent happy and yet they werent unhappy either there was an unmistakable air of natural intimacy about the picture, and anybody would have said that they were conspiring together. CONCLUSION This essay examined the different attitudes to marriage and relationships that are evident in the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and the play A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen, and in due course it was clearly evident that neither Ibsen nor Fitzgerald present marriage from the perspective of a romantic bond; there are other more practical considerations involved. Through F. Scott Fitzgerald, romance was presented through Jay Gatsby which was ultimately doomed due to the obsessive and irrational nature of it. Both literary works show the audience that marriage and relationships are impacted on by wider pressures of society in life; but whether a marriage is sustained seems to be up to individual preference. The apparent irony evident in the two pieces of literature is the fact that Nora leaves Torvald, despite the fact that he had never physically hurt her nor was he ever unfaithful to her; while Daisy stays with Tom and his violent and unfaithful nature. Daisy had more reason to leave Tom than Nora had to leave Torvald, but both characters ultimately made unexpected decisions which left its impact on the audience. Daisys attitude towards marriage is not based on infatuation or love; rather it is built on her status, both financial and social, and that is what she considers to be luxury. Noras regard for marriage was initially founded on what she thought was love; as she knew nothing more or less. However throughout the play she learns and develops into a woman able to make her own decisions; where her marriage becomes an obstacle to her individuality. Further exploration of these two works could be undertaken to explore the conflicting pressures that are faced by mothers in unhappy marriages and relationships. Catalonia: History of Independence Catalonia: History of Independence 1.0 Abstract Catalonia is a historically supressed region within Spain. After 1975, when the dictator Francisco Franco died it allowed for a new democratic Spain. This has resurfaced Catalan Nationalism. Most recently the Catalan region has called for a legal referendum in 2017, as the one held in 2014 was deemed illegal. Democracy takes priority within the region which has created increased tensions and potential for violence. The report showed there has been an increase in violence and that the governance and future threats are key concerns. The report highlights the grievances within the region, that have been accumulating. 2.0 Introduction   Europe is experiencing modern day separatism, with currently over 25 active separatist movements. Spain is the most divided ‘nation’ within Europe having experienced the most civil wars of any country. Catalonia is the most profitable region in the north west of Spain making around 20 billion a year (BBC news 2013). They have recently called for another referendum in 2017 after having achieved an attendance rate during the last referendum in 2014 from the population of 30% of the 7.5 million. The polls from 2014 gaged an opinion that is in favour of independence for the region. The poll was deemed illegal by the Spanish government, which resulted in Arthur mass, Catalonia’s president, being arrested and numerous other legal cases against the Catalan politicians (The Guardian 2016). The protests, so far, have been peaceful however it has been assumed that this may not continue as an emergence of separatism could continue as theorised based upon the past and become violent. Many other places such as Scotland, who are allied in methods with Catalonia, called for a referendum in 2014 with a concluding vote of no and to stay within the United Kingdom (The financial times 2014) Most recently with 2016 the United Kingdom parted with the European union, in an event termed Brexit. The votes for Brexit were broken up into regions, Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to stay within the European union which has resurfacing a call for a referendum from Scotland to be held in 2017. Within Northern Ireland the vote has caused talks around a united Ireland or for Northern Ireland to become independent. With the success of Brexit, the European union is not being presented in a positively. Within this report the tern nation is going to be examined within theoretical and historical contexts to better understand the separatist movement within Catalonia. A field based analysis was conducted to gather the opinions of the Catalan population on the notion of independence and whether they think it will be obtained peacefully. 3.0 Research context To understand the current situation within Catalonia its place within theories must be examined. Nationalism is defined as a political programme. It consists of groups of people who define as nations who form territorial states that have a single language (Hobshawm and Kertzer, 1992). Renan in (1882) said within his speech that a nation was â€Å"a group of people united by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighbours†. This nation joins biographies to have one common historical narrative (Calhoun 1993).   Nations and nationalism can be a complex definition with many theories on how it happens. Benedict Anderson (1983) differs in views with many scholars by seeing nationalism as an â€Å"imaginary political community†. He states that Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, but by the style in which they are imagined Ernest Gellner (1983) said that â€Å"nationalism is primarily a political principle that holds the political and the national unit should be congruent†. Gellner believes that nationalism was something that the modern world needed sociologically and mainly focuses on modernisation and industrialisation. Anthony smith was a critic of Gellner saying that he had misread the relationship that is between industrialisation and nationalism (Smith 1989). Smith (1989) is quotes to say that â€Å"the modern world had become inconceivable and unintelligible without nations and nationalism† Bruielly (1982) shows more of an academic approach and states that when intellectuals or professionals miss out on important career opportunities this may lead to a rise in national ideology. Nationalism to him is portrayed through intellectuals as unsuccessful professionals. This is like Kedourie’s theory about indigenous intellectuals in colonial societies and how they too turned to nationalism. The abundance of intellectuals and inability for society to find them suitable roles may explain why they turn to nationalism. (Kedourie 1960)   Nairn (1977) however, approaches nationalism in a study from a Marxist perspective. He considers nationalism to be a bourgeois phenomenon which can be seen to be a product of the disparities within capitalism (Nairn 1977). The continuation of nationalism is linked with the interests of the bourgeois (Anderson 2006). Focusing on Europe, Woodrow Wilson’s had a large impact on the Versailles Peace Conference that began outside of Paris in 1919. He had a plan to divide Europe it into ethnic-linguistic territorial states. The project was impracticable as well as dangerous, the cost of this feat would have been mass expulsion and genocide (Hobshawm 1992). However, a nation cannot be born they’re made in response to international incentive and power policies (Fearon 2004). Nationalism has been the source of anxiety and conflict in European history (Coppieters 2010). Borgen (2010) states that there were currently twenty to twenty-five separatist movements across the continent. The movements may be based upon cultural and political issues and the majority are non-violent. Separatism is mainly linked to nationalism and their ideologies. There have been two consecutive waves of separatism. In the 1950’s the first separatist movement began with the decolonisation of the world, this questioned the legitimacy of boundaries that establish under colonialism. This was closely followed by the second which happened at the end of the cold war in the 1960s toward the beginning of democratisation in the 1980 and 1990’s. The second wave was surrounded by the suppression of people’s rights and liberties under the communist regimes (Schaeffer 1998, Agnew 2001). Recent separatist movements like that in Yugoslavia from 1991- 2001 were driven by the common notion of an economic disparity. This movement was against the state as they failed to deal with this, however there was also territorial divisions within the state that showed internal colonialism based upon ethnicity and nationality (Agnew 2001) Guibernau (2000) sees nation states as a cluster of institutions that are defined and governed by the state. Stateless nations can enjoy cultural or political autonomy based upon the state’s decision. In most cases within a region that is trying to be separate their nation, the political issues that have arisen are based upon previous governmental experiences of nation building. States and nations that are trying to establish are understood to be real communities with enduring collectivises. (Brubaker 1996) To establish social cohesion for a nation building project a common identity must be established, linguistic campaigns are a powerful tool in doing this. It allows for people to bring the communities fears together by reducing embarrassment about speaking a native language.   (Webber 1991; Trueta 2008) The Catalan region in the North West of Spain during the Franco regime (1939-1975) had languages and identities supressed along with other regions. This then meant that Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, had suffered neglect. His regime created tensions in the country’s political system. It believed that Spain consists of ethnically defined identities in several regions (Bylan 2014). When democracy was restored after 1975, there had been a shift towards expressing the regional identities. The Catalan region sees itself as an independent metropolis (Mellon,2008) In history by 1898, the nationalist movements of Catalonia and the Basque country had emerged in wanting their own identity, these sources of national identity threatened the hegemonic position of Spanish nationalism (Muro 2005; Pozo Andrà ©s and Braster 1999). Basque and Catalan nationalist movements however in more recent times within Spain have unified this Spanish nationalism again (Muro 2005).   Spain is not however a formal federation it is a unitary state that has given devolving power to seventeen autonomous communities and two autonomous cities in a system that is called the state of autonomies (Bylan 2014). This is consistent with the theory that contemporary separatism is the product of the rise in modern nationalism and that they are overcoming the previous nation building project. Today in Catalonia, the current project is to build true Catalan culture through language as this is the ultimate expression. (Illas, 2014). Catalonians also express this through rituals and festivities such as human towers (Castells) (Giner 1980). The separatist movement had been mainly led by linguistics and a traversed class with rallies in 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014 that have staged a transformation in separatism (Illas 2014). The modern-day disparities of the Catalan people are based upon their history. 4.0 Historical context To understand fully where Catalonia fits within the nation-building theories it is important to understand the common historical narrative within the state. Starting with the 14th century within Catalonia, there was political and economic decline, due to the successive waves of the great plague. By 1365 Catalonia has lost half a million people, and in the 15th century Barcelona had its lower ever population. (Giner 1980). During the 15th century the Catalan capital was gripped by the civil war. The maritime power that once existed there was starting to decline. (Giner 1980). Now, there was a transition from early medieval contractually to liberal societies who have more of an individualistic approach. Elliot (1963) mentions the revolt of the reappears between 1640- 1652, when the Catalan people united due to castile giving them harsh treatment. The war of succession in Spain happened between 1702 to 1714. Barcelona resisted unification and was besieged in march 1713 (Guibernau, 2000) Felipe V built a fort (the Ciutadella) so Barcelona could be watched. He banned writing and teaching in Catalan and distributed Catalonia’s possessions to great powers (Webber, 1991) This abolished Catalan rights and liberties and they were subject to regime occupation (Gibernau 2000; Gibernau 2014). The events that took place started the process of national integration and state-building within Catalonia (Moreno 1988) In the 18th century the Spanish economy was based around agriculture. The Napoleonic invasion devastated the country and lead to political instability (Patrick 2016). Catalonia made positive gains with the urban middle classes and created confidence. Barcelona was then transformed into the capital of a society that was industrialising and modernising (Webber 1991). Defeudalization was happening around this time. Spain was in the process of homogenisation under the bourbons. They forcibly generalised the Castilian law and the institutions, they were creating a modern centralised state and this was completed in 1812. (Giner,1980) The trade union movement after World War One was led by the Confederacià ³n Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) which had 80& of the cities workers. Between 1919 and 1920 there was a wave of strikes and union leaders were eliminated. Dictator General Miguel primo Rivera had conflicting views on the working-class radicalism (Giner 1980) Rivera’s repression ended in 1930, he did not successfully stop the unity in Catalonia. In 1931 the formation of a Spain’s republic this was driven by the Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya. The leftist popular front in 1936 won genuine autonomy (Guibernau 2014; Illas 2014). The class system of the society at that time was a product of the successive waves of industrialisation and advances in urbanisation. (Giner 1980).   The genuine autonomy that was gained by the Catalonians was short lived as the result of the Spanish civil war between 1936-1939.After Francisco Franco’s Victory in the war he imposed a pro-fascist and militarised Spain, laying emphasize on Castile as the ‘ethnic core’ of the nation (Muro 2005). The Franco regime between 1939-1975 supressed the languages and identities of the Catalonian people (Webber 1991). During this time persecutions took place of Intellectuals and language speakers. The education system featured no Catalan and the street names were changed to Castilian Spanish (Marinzel 2014). Francoist propaganda changed the narrative of the civil war to be that of a crusade and associated leftists and anti-Spain figures as a ‘cancer’ of the nation that needed to be cured (Richards 1998) The Catalonian population increased with massive migrations from deprived areas in other parts of Spain during the 1960’s and 1970’s (Serrano 2013). During this time, Catalonian separatism was emerging again as a political opposition to the dictatorship. They rivalled in literature and the arts which moulded the Catalan identity (Muro 2005). After Franco’s death in 1975, a central part of the regional policy was to promote the Catalan language. In 1978 Catalonian was defined as a democratic state within the new Spanish constitution which had granted autonomy (Giberneau 2000). This allowed for the Catalan people to change the educational system and policies within the region. In 1975 online 60% of people in Catalonia spoke Catalan whereas in 2001, 76% of Catalonians spoke Catalan (Borgen 2010). Regional feelings for Catalan nationalism rose in the 1990s and early 2000s, with it being rated sixth amid Spanish autonomous communities (Moreno 2001). Patterns of similar relationships between identity and independence emerge (Muro 2005; Serreno 2013). 5.0 Discussion Nationalism changes all the rules; a nations existence is based upon the past experiences and it challenges historians to decide a nations existence. History however is not as clear as would believe and interpretations and narratives can be different (Marino 2002). Modern day nationalism may be overcoming the previous nation-building project. Catalonians hope to achieve this by assertion of their own culture (Illas 2014). The region has been suppression numerous times as mentioned and the clear territory and history that define it as a nation are evident (Smith 1998). In the fight for independence Catalonia is aware that that staying a part of the European union is important, as there are strong ties with Spain and the European single market. With the situation in Catalonia baring resemblance to that in Scotland and the Catalan foreign affairs minister recognises that it should too have the right to vote in a legal referendum as that would stay true to democracy and a constitution is a text that is written under certain circumstances, these circumstances can change. (The guardian 2016) Brexit in the UK isn’t good news as it questions the European project. An MP called Ciudadanos accused the separatist movement of removing the state out of the 21st century. Previously however other politicians such as Mr Fernandez would welcome an exit from the EU as he sees it as being ruled by capitalists. (The Independent 2015) The rise in separatism and the need for independence grows stronger as the Catalan government fight for responsibility for taxation and spending policy (Boylan 2015). Previous grievances have shaped Catalonia culture and the desire to return to being an autonomous region is still wanted. The Catalans may fall into Renan’s definition in 1882 of a nation â€Å"a group of people united by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighbours† as the public polls reflect a rise of opinion of violence in the region. Arthur Mas the former president hopes that his prosecution for the illegally deemed poll will also be a cry for the cause of independence from Spain (The Financial times 2017). 6.0 Field based analysis 6.1 Methodology   Ã‚  Ã‚   6.1.1 Day 1 Observational study of landscape Figure 1: The route that was taken on the first day during the streetscape observational exercise The streetscape of Barcelona needed to be understood. A transect of the area was carried out in small groups. These groups covered different areas all meeting back at the same point at the Sagrada Familia, the route can be seen in figure 1. The results of the small groups were combined to gain a large-scale view of the area. Along this route elements that are seen to represent the Catalan conflict were taken note of. The different types of flags, graffiti, street names and political posters and murals along with anything else that could be seen to potentially represent the conflict were recorded. Within a table format the route walked was recorded along with where the observation occurred and a small discussion was help to note the implications of what we had seen. The differences in areas we walked through was noted as the route lead to a tourist area however was through mainly residential streets. 6.1.2 Day 2 Historical Narrative A guided walk through the city was undertook to identify the monuments that may commemorate previous conflicts. Along the walk the date in which the monument was erected was taken down, along with what it was and what it is commemorating. The reason behind doing this was to analyse how culture and history is remembered within Barcelona. Certain aspects of the monuments were noted such as what way the history is shown and If the monument represents one side more. To gauge an idea of the historical narrative Barcelona was trying to perceive, 3 historical sites were visited. These were the Catalan museum, El Borne centre and memorial democratic. The sites were visited to understand the story they are telling. A similar study was undertaken by Breen et al (2016), and observations were noted such as, is there anything that is not present within the museum? Is there any important messages they are trying to highlight? Is there a main language? To see whether the people within the museum either working or visiting understood its role, a semi structured interview was carried out.   The questions asked recorded their understanding of the role, if heritage plays a role in Catalan separatism and whether any part of the centre was controversial. 6.1.3 Day 3- Semi- Structured Interviews A method of semi structured interviews was carried out to collect qualitative data on the publics perceptions of important issues with Catalonia whilst gathering information about the person in question. The questions that were asked were: Are you from this neighbourhood?What is your first language?Did you vote in the last referendum?Were you happy with the outcome?Do you think Catalonia will gain independence? Do you think this will be achieved peacefully? These questions were asked to gather information on, the nationality of the person, the language in which they see to be their language, their political participation, their views about the last referendum and views on future independence for the state along with how possible violence will be. Cohen and Crabtree (2006) have shown the benefits of using semi structured interviews as you will only get to speak with that person one time. They also highlight the importance of it being undertaken by small groups as they collect the same information to show the varied opinion over a large area. The results are comparable and the results are collated. With a large sample taken the results could be representative public opinion and could be compared with polls that have been previously taken. This will show how the opinions in the region have changed over time. The route that was taken can be seen in figure 2. Figure 2:   Route taken and main stops while conducting semi structured interviews. 6.1.4 Day 4- Quantitative Data A quantitative data collection in the form of a social vulnerability survey. Social vulnerability shows which elements of society are worrying the most. The survey had a scoring system included the value 1 meaning that they strongly agree with the statement and 5 representing strongly disagree. The statements represented the social, economic, environmental and political situations along with opinions on the future of Catalonia.   This type of survey was conducted in small groups again and allowed the results to be combined and numerically represented. The triangulation of multiple methods stated within Duffy’s (1987)’s papers shows that this method gives a complete collection approach. 7.2 Observations and Results 7.2.1 Street Observational Survey From the transect that was carried out general observations were made. The city has undergone times of suppression and conflict and from the observations generalities were made as things observed could be expressions of nation-hood. Hans Christian Andersen in 1862, commented on Barcelona by saying that the city was the â€Å"Paris of Spain†. The first notable feature was that of the layout of the streets, the city consists of grand octagonal blocks. Antoni Gaudi has a huge influence on the architecture of Barcelona, with many Catalan people they associate his work with a period called Renaixenà §a, which tried to show better times (Giner 1980). He has become a symbol of the city. The Flags that were on the residential buildings held much significance to how they stood politically. The flags that presented Catalonia were mainly flown on buildings that were residential with the souvenir shops that sold the flags only stocking Catalan related items. The flags within the residential area differed, from the slogan that was upon it to whether it had a star present. They can send a political message and are used in campaigns. It is a tool in which the Catalan people are not afraid to change, with a flag holding great significance to a group of people, they are willing to alter the flag to send a strong political message (Borgen, 2010). Alongside the Catalan flag EU flags were found, this says that the Catalan people are scared that with independence come an exit from the single market. This is a strong incentive to stay within the unified state of Spain (Patrick 2016). Scotland holds close parallels in situations with Catalonia. The British government has also driven nationalism in the last referendum with the fear of leaving the European Union. The Scottish flag was observed on the transect showing the close similarities. The Catalan flags declined in numbers when leaving the residential area heading towards the centre. The buildings in the centre had more Spanish flags as these were mainly political or service providing premises such as hotels (figure 3a). The Spanish flag should be flown on a Spanish building and if that place is not meant to have a political view, then both flags would be outside of the building. Both flags were observed on hotels and tourist areas.   In some areas both flags of region and state were also seen, this shows loyalty to an area. For example, a bacelonetta flag seen in figure 3b Figure 3: (A) Spanish flag being flown outside of the Military building in Las Ramblas. (B) Barcelonetta regional flag. The street names were in Catalan with many commemorating people who have been influences from Catalan (figure 4a). The Sagrada Familia has taken a century to complete, still not being finished. The architect of the building is Antoni Gaudi; it is a statement of the Catalan culture and is the most visited place within Spain.   Throughout the streetscape we encountered political graffiti that was around the city voiced the political opinions of people within the community who wanted that message to be shown (figure 4b). Figure 4: (A) street sign with dedication to a self-acclaimed Catalonian. (B) Graffiti that reads â€Å"Anti-Fascist Area†. 7.2.2 Monuments Monuments play an important role in who society idealises as symbols of culture. Barcelona has many monuments that were observed to understand their political message for an independent Catalonia. The plaza de Torro monumental is a bull fighting ring that existed in the 20th century. The building is influences by Islamic design replicating dà ©cor from the previous 8th century invasion from north Africa. The building today has been repurposed as a museum due to the recent ban from Catalonia in 2012 for bull fighting (The guardian 2011). This is extremely important as they had ended a 600-year-old tradition within Spain, stepping away from the culture. The Universal exhibition was held in Barcelona in 1888. The triomf was to symbolise victory and national pride. The Arc links Barcelona’s medieval past with its future. Beyond the arc lies the park, with the Catalan parliament building residing within the parks grounds. The park has a Zoo and an elaborate fountain which at the time was put in place to show how advanced the people of Barcelona were. Like many other cities have done in the past, such as Paris. The Main Cascada monument is a grand project that took place for the 1888 universal exposition and a small contributor to it was Antoni Gaudi. The grand waterfall features goddesses showing idealising women and sexism that existed at that time.   A band stand within the Cuitedella Park was dedicated in 1991 to a transgender teen who was killed. This emphasized the cities progressive attitudes to social problems. The Als Voluntaris Catalan statue in the Cuitedella park is dedicated to the volunteers of the first and second war. The monument was subject to violations during the Franco regime with its arms being cut off in 1952. The internal flame (Fossar de les Moreres) was observed within in gothic quarter and is a contested symbolism, as it is seen to be site of the graveyard for the fallen during the siege of Barcelona in 1714. This site for Catalonians is a reminder of the homage. On the 11th of September (ladeada) people gather to this space to remember the battle. The symbolism is contested but it is used to further the nation building project. 7.2.3 Museum overview To understand the historical narrative that was being projected upon the Catalan people, three institutions were visited to understand how they were representing the history of their culture. The first site visited was the Christopher Columbus statue. This statue was erected for the Universal expedition in Barcelona in 1888. Groups of anti-capitalist councillor in Barcelona however said that the city â€Å"should not be celebrating the explorers’ colonial legacy† (The Guardian 2016). The emphasises the Catalonians feelings toward colonialization and suppression. The second Museum that was visited was the Catalan museum, the levelled institution has 3 floors which displayed a different time within Catalan history, from the bottom floor up it contained the history from the roman times to the top flow having recent achievements from the 21st century. An observation made was the fact that within the Catalan museum the paint on the walls were red and black, the colours of the anarchists. This may not have been intentional but could be a subliminal message as within the museum the Catalan culture was celebrated. Franco is not liked within the museum. From the semi, structured interviews conducted a worker of the museum stated that Spanish people will say that the museum is a lie, however the intended audience is the Catalan people and the international community. A museum worker was quoted in saying that the museum â€Å"celebrated† his heritage and that it has influence in the separatist movement. Sympathetic language was used within the Catalan museum a phrase observed in the Franco dictatorship section said ‘the unmistakable aim of Francoism was to strip Catalonia of its nationhood’ strong language was focused upon within the museum. Descriptive words were mentioned in nearly every time that contained suppression of Catalonia’s identity. Another example of this read in the museum was â€Å"language was a slow and uneven process†. The Catalonian history is showing the notion of separatism by identifying themselves as different from the Spanish, A person at the museum was quoting in saying that the Spanish â€Å"believe that this is all made up† showing Spain’s undeniable unwillingness to accept Catalonia as a nation. Whereas museums are understood to be some of the key places that deliver the message of what a nation is (Ashworth et al 2007) The el born centre showcases the streetscape within Barcelona during the 18th century. This streetscape represents Barcelona in a time when they had independence from Spain, the archaeologists could have kept excavating and gotten to a roman street. They stopped on purpose to give a utopian image of a time of independence when it was a vibrant multicultural marketing town. This gave the visualisation that there were greenspaces with music and food in the once internationally trading town. This is a clear political message of culture and heritage used at the El Borne (Breen at al 2016) It has been argued that the visitor of a museum will connect to the personal account of the narrative that is being told (Fladmark 2015). People had been quoted in saying that the centre had been â€Å"controversial†. An exhibition was spoken about that featured Franco and his dictatorship, the Exhibition was meant to last for a couple of months however it took the Catalan 4 days from when it started to have it removed. The hostility and want to forget the dark period of Franco’s dictatorship is evident in their actions. The importance of these institutions is to promote culture. These centres could be understood to b a part of the nation-building narrative which are in line with the core set of grievances that are within Catalonia (Breen at al 2016) 7.2.4 Grievances Catalonia has a key set of grievances towards the Spanish state shown in Figure 5. A few of these issues are going to be discussed. Figure 5- grievance model visually showing the key set of grievances within Catalonia. A key issue in the region is how the money that the state produce is used. Economically Catalonian has had historical grievances with the state, first starting with the Catalan bourgeois and modern industrialisation in the 19th century. Spain believe that Catalonia are â€Å"financial parasites† that don’t provide enough for Spain. Catalonia today has a fiscal deficit of 9.76%, this is highest taxed region in Europe. The people of Catalonia feel exploited as they cannot control their own funding when new services are needed within the state. Barcelona is the most visited region within Spain. The media and television play a large part in left and right wing narratives. A nation state emphasize political views this way. Gellner stressed the importance of communication in societies, the power to control the media modifies culture and is necessary for the homogenisation of the state. (Gellner 1983) Sport is an important cultural event for Catalan people. The Barcelona football club during Francoism was a representation of the Catalan nationalism and resistance against the dictatorship (Giberneau 2000) Sport is a powerful means of expressing identity (Trueta 2008). At the 17th minute and 14th second, the crowd will stand and shout ‘Independence’ as this date is representative of the last year they were an autonomous state. Language is important when expressing culture and the use of a language can indicate your current feelings politically (Woolard 1984). The Catalan language as mentioned through the report has been supressed, driving the need for the language to be expressed and recognised internationally. 7.2.5 Survey results A qualitative survey method was undertaken to test the hypothesis of will Catalonia resort to violence to gain independence. The results of the surveys are below (Table 1) Table 1: Combined group results of qualitative survey. Table 1: Combined group results of qualitative survey. The results obtained from the combined groups matches those gathered from the Catalan government in their recent poll. With the representative sample size and closely comparable results the figures gathered are reliable. The survey was conducted in English however the fluency in Catalan and birthplace determined majorly their identity (Webber 1991) which would be closely linked with how they would feel about independence. The difference in percentage between the two opposing opinions (independence vs no independence) is not that high. The surprising figure is that of violence, with many key events happening in the last 12 months such as the arrest of Arthur Mas, change would be assumed. Triggers such as that would provoke a sense of undermining and this may increase the likely hood of violence. Historically within Catatonia has had such events. Figure 6 shows an ice berg model, which is a visual representation of some key events in Catalan history. From the results obtained the mediation stage was considered as the point of conflict Catalonia as both sides have not yet concluded what they want. Figure 6: Key moments in recent Catalan history that has led to a rise in separatism within the state, key events are symbolled.    5.2.6 Social Vulnerability Survey These results are those obtained from quantitative surveys (figure 7). The total number of respondents was 139. Figure 7: Social vulnerability pentagon, highlighting main worries. The closer the result is to the centre the more of an issue they feel as though it is. With the survey showing that people are worried about the governance, environment and future threats gives an idea of the key grievances today. The economy is not a worrying factor as there has been on the rise since 2008 after the recession. The social aspects of life are not worrying factors in society. In regards to the environment, water is not evenly dispersed across the region. The summer months also bring a lot of pollution as tourists leave litter, which was pointed out by a shop keeper during an interview. 5.3 Conclusion To conclude, Catalonia has been experiencing separatism for many generations. The conflict so far within the state has remaining non-violent however this figure could change. The rise in percentage of people who believe violence will start echoes the increasing political tensions however 15% is not enough to accept the hypothesis stated as 85% do not believe there will be a need to resort to violence. The politicians are becoming impatient waiting on a referendum when other democratic places such as Scotland have been allowed to do so, with them not being allowed it feels as though the Franco influences have not yet disappeared. This is reflected on the social vulnerability results with governance scoring low. 5.4 Recommendations The key recommendations for peace within the region are: Allowing the Catalan government, the ability to reinvest the budget which will help in improving infrastructure. The media needs to have an unbiased opinion. Fiscal deficit needs improved and there’s a lot of tension towards Spain and the uneven taxingGentrification of city centre, leaving the city centre inhabitable by people who would be working in the city. 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